Standards for multi-apartment and individual buildings. How high is one floor? Standards for apartment and individual buildings Height of a 9-story building

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Introduction

1.2 Design solution

1.2.1 Walls and partitions

1.2.2 Floors and stairs

1.2.3 Foundations

1.2.4 Roof

1.5 Engineering equipment

1.5.1 Water supply

1.5.2 Wastewater disposal

1.5.3 Storm sewerage

1.5.4 Drainage

1.5.5 Heat supply

1.5.6 Heating

1.5.7 Ventilation

1.5.8 Power supply

1.5.9 Low-current networks

1.7 Technical and economic indicators of the project

2.3 Calculation of the pier

3. Technological section

3.1 Scope of application

3.2 Production technology

3.6 Safety precautions during piling work

4. Organizational section

4.1.1 Characteristics of construction conditions

4.1.2 Natural and climatic conditions of construction

4.2 Description of methods for performing basic construction and installation works with safety instructions

4.2.1 Preparatory and main periods

4.2.2 Excavation

4.2.3 Construction of foundations

4.2.4 Building installation

4.2.5 Finishing work

4.2.6 List of acts for hidden work

4.2.7 Transport work

4.2.8 Occupational safety instructions

4.3 Description of the network diagram

4.4 Calculation of the number of construction personnel

4.5 Calculation of the need for temporary buildings and structures

4.6 Calculation of resource requirements

4.6.1 Calculation of electricity demand

4.6.2 Calculation of heat demand

4.6.3 Calculation of water requirements

4.6.4 Calculation of vehicle requirements

4.6.5 Calculation of storage areas for materials

4.7 Technical and economic indicators of the project

5. Economic section

6. Ecological section

6.1 General principles

6.2 Ecodesign

6.3 Measures taken during the work

7. Life safety section

7.1 Analysis of dangerous and harmful production factors when organizing foundation laying work

7.2 Measures to ensure safe and healthy working conditions when organizing foundation laying work

7.3 Calculation of crane stability

7.3.1 Calculation of load stability

7.3.2 Calculation of own stability

7.4 Assessment of possible emergency (emergency) situations at the facility

Conclusion

List of information sources used

Introduction

landscaping foundation construction low mobility

The topic of the final qualifying work is the new construction of a multi-storey residential building in the city of Vologda. The building is designed as a two-section building with variable number of floors (5-11 floors).

In the modern world, the construction industry is developing more and more intensively, the latest technologies are being introduced, the volume of construction work is increasing, but still the issue of housing shortage is acute.

Multi-storey construction allows you to reduce the cost per square meter of housing. Only a few can afford an individual cottage, and the middle social strata have the opportunity to purchase less expensive housing, namely in multi-story buildings. With an increase in the number of storeys, the density of the housing stock increases, the building area decreases, which saves urban territory, and the costs of utility networks and landscaping of the territory are reduced.

Multi-storey construction has become widespread and is in demand in the construction products market.

The graphic part of the project, the design of the explanatory note, and the calculations were performed on a PC using AutoCAD, Word, Excel, various programs and other technical means that allow the automation of this kind of design work.

Building responsibility class II

Climatic region II B

Prevailing winds NW

Estimated outside temperature

The coldest five days, 0С-32

The coldest day, 0C-40

1. Architectural and construction section

1.1 Space-planning solution

This project provides for the construction of a multi-storey residential building.

The designed building is two-section with a technical floor: 1 - 11-storey with axial dimensions of 15.82 x 58.4 m.

Structural diagram of a building with longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls.

The planning solution provides for 90 apartments: 36 one-room, 46 two-room, 8 three-room.

Floor height - 2.8 m, technical floor - 2.2 m.

The entrance to the building is provided through insulated vestibules.

The fire resistance level of the building is YY.

The building's responsibility class is YY.

1.2 Design solution

1.2.1 Walls and partitions

The external walls are designed to be multi-layered with a thickness of 680 mm with insulation in the wall cavity. Insulation - "expanded polystyrene" 50 mm thick is installed during the construction of walls.

External walls - 1-5 floors - made of sand-lime brick SUR 150/25 according to GOST 379-95 with cladding - SUL 150/25 on M100 cement mortar; 6-11 floors and attic - made of ceramic brick K-75/1/25 in accordance with GOST 530-95 with cladding SUL 125/25 on M150 cement mortar.

The internal walls of the building are designed to be 380 mm thick.

Internal walls - 1-5 floors should be made of sand-lime brick SUR 150/15 GOST 379-95 with M100 cement mortar; 6-11 floors - made of ceramic brick K-75/1/15 GOST 530-95 with M150 cement mortar. In places where channels pass in the amount of 2 or more, lay meshes of ordinary cold-drawn wire Ш3 В500 with a cell of 50x50 mm through three rows of masonry. In the top three rows under the ceiling, lay mesh in each row.

The partitions, 65 mm thick, are made of red ceramic solid brick grade K-75/25/ GOST 530-95 on M50 cement mortar with reinforcement with two sh6 A240 wires through 4 rows of masonry. To connect the partitions with the walls, provide grooves or reinforcement outlets with two wires Ш6 А240, 500 mm long, every 4 rows. Partitions should not be brought 20-30 mm closer to the ceiling structure. Fill the gaps with elastic material.

1.2.2 Floors and stairs

The floors are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs. They give the structure spatial rigidity, absorbing all the loads placed on them, and also provide heat and sound insulation of the premises. At the same time they perform load-bearing and enclosing functions. All slabs have steel anchor connections between each other and with the load-bearing walls to create a single rigid disk of the floor.

The floor slabs are mounted on the walls over a leveled layer of M100 cement mortar with the seams between them carefully sealed. Seal the seams between the panels with M100 mortar with careful vibration. The minimum depth of support for interfloor floor slabs and covering slabs on walls is 120 mm.

Holes for passage of heating pipelines, water supply, sewerage and ventilation ducts should be passed in place without violating the integrity of the ribs of the floor panels. During their installation, prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs are rigidly embedded in the walls using anchors and fastened together with welded or reinforcement ties.

Monolithic sections of floors should be made of class B15 concrete with reinforcement.

Stairs - prefabricated reinforced concrete platforms and flights.

For the specification of floor elements, see the graphic part of sheet 5.

1.2.3 Foundations

For the given ground conditions of the construction site, a pile foundation made of prefabricated reinforced concrete piles of grade C90.35.8 was designed.

Monolithic reinforced concrete grillages are made of class B15 concrete. Concrete grade for frost resistance of at least 50.

According to design requirements, the height of the grillage is 600 mm. The grillage is reinforced with welded spatial frames made of A400 class steel. The longitudinal reinforcement of large-diameter frames should be located in the upper zone of the grillage. At the intersection of grillages of external and internal walls at different levels, install vertical connecting rods from sh10 A400 reinforcement.

The laying of concrete blocks is carried out with the obligatory bandaging of the seams using M100 cement mortar. The thickness of horizontal and vertical seams should be no more than 20 mm.

The level of the finished floor of the first floor is taken as the 0.000 mark, which corresponds to the absolute mark of +116.10.

The brickwork of the basement part above the top row of concrete blocks should be made from solid, well-fired ceramic brick of grade K-100/1/35 using M100 mortar.

Coat the surfaces of the walls of the technical floor, underground areas, pits in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times. Horizontal waterproofing is carried out from two layers of waterproofing on bitumen mastic on a leveled surface along the entire perimeter of the external and internal walls. Waterproofing from a layer of cement mortar with a composition of 1:2, 20 mm thick, should be carried out at the level of the technical underground floor. The underlying layer under the basement floors is made of class B 7.5 concrete with a thickness of 80 mm.

Backfilling of the sinuses should be carried out with careful layer-by-layer compaction after the installation of the basement floor.

To drain surface water around the perimeter of the building, make an asphalt blind area 30 mm thick on a gravel-sand base 150 mm thick, 1000 mm wide.

Before the start of foundation work, all communications under the building must be removed.

To prevent flooding of the technical floor, drainage was installed around the perimeter of the building at the level of the base of the foundation before work on the foundation began. Wall drainage should be carried out simultaneously with the construction of foundations.

1.2.4 Roof

The roof structure is flat. The roof is designed from LINOCROM (Standard class material) over a screed made of cement-sand mortar M1:100.

In the leveling cement-sand screed, lay a lightning protection mesh made of Ш10А240 with a pitch of 10x10 m and descents made of Ш10А240.

The roof slope is assumed to be 0.02%.

The brickwork of the parapets should be 380 mm thick.

Cover the outlets of the ventilation ducts with metal umbrellas and paint them twice with bitumen varnish.

1.3 Exterior and interior decoration

Interior finishing work

Interior finishing work is carried out in accordance with current standards.

On all floors, rooms and staircases are being finished: the ceilings are whitewashed with adhesive whitewash, the walls to the height of the room are painted with oil paint, and wallpaper is applied in the living rooms.

Floors - linoleum, ceramic tiles, concrete.

In the bathrooms, it is planned to cover the walls with glazed tiles to the entire height of the floor, and install an airtight coating of ceramic tiles on the floors.

The ceiling is whitewashed with adhesive whitewash, and plumbing equipment is installed.

The walls of the kitchens are painted with oil paint to a height of 1800 mm; an apron made of ceramic tiles with a height of 600 mm is made above the sink and the entire length of the installation of kitchen equipment.

External and internal doors are wooden.

The windows are wooden with triple glazing.

Exterior finishing work

The facades of the designed residential building will be faced with sand-lime bricks with jointing. Individual surfaces should be faced with terracotta-colored three-dimensional sand-lime bricks.

The base of the building is plastered and painted with acrylic paint.

Paint the window blocks white with enamel 2 times.

The entrance doors should be painted dark gray with enamel, as should the fences of the porches and ramps.

1.4 Master plan for territory improvement

The orientation of the building on the site is made taking into account the prevailing winds based on the wind rose, which are directed from southwest to northeast, and the direction of insolation of the building; the maximum number of window openings should mainly be directed to the south and southeast.

For the normal functioning of the building, the general plan provides for the following buildings and structures: a parking lot, a children's playground, a recreation area for adults, an area for cleaning household items, an area for garbage containers.

The general plan includes driveways and sidewalks with asphalt concrete pavement and the installation of side stones to the building under construction. For relaxation there are: benches, trash cans, carpet racks, swings, sandbox, carousel.

Existing green spaces should be preserved whenever possible, and shrubs that have a non-decorative appearance are replaced. Shrubs are being planted near the designed sites. Work is planned to install a lawn covering. Adding plant soil to lawns is done manually.

The vertical layout of the site is made taking into account the organization of normal drainage of surface water from the building to low places of natural relief and storm drainage.

1.5 Engineering equipment

1.5.1 Water supply

Water supply to the designed residential building in accordance with the technical conditions of the Municipal Unitary Enterprise Housing and Communal Services "Vologdagorvodokanal" is provided from a main water supply with a diameter of 530 mm.

In the designed residential building, cold and hot water pipelines are installed from galvanized steel water and gas pipes with a diameter of 15-100 mm. The required pressure is provided using booster pumps installed in the basement.

External water supply networks are designed from polyethylene pressure pipes with a diameter of 200 mm.

The project adopted a combined system of drinking water and fire safety purposes.

External fire extinguishing of buildings is carried out from fire hydrants located in the designed wells of the water supply network.

1.5.2 Wastewater disposal

To drain household wastewater, a domestic sewage system is designed in the building. Sewage risers are made of cast iron non-pressure pipes with a diameter of 50, 100 mm. According to the technical conditions, the discharge of domestic wastewater is provided into an existing well on a collector with a diameter of 1000 mm.

The designed external sewerage networks are laid from asbestos-cement free-flow pipes with a diameter of 300 mm, and inspection wells made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are installed on the networks.

1.5.3 Storm sewerage

To drain rain and melt water, drainage funnels of type VR-1 are installed on the flat roof of the building.

Rainwater from internal drainage systems is discharged into external storm sewer networks and then discharged into a previously designed storm sewer network with a diameter of 400 mm.

Internal drains are designed from cast iron free-flow pipes with a diameter of 100 mm.

The designed external storm sewer networks are laid from asbestos-cement free-flow pipes with a diameter of 300 mm, and inspection wells are installed on the networks.

1.5.4 Drainage

To prevent groundwater from entering the basement, wall drainage is installed around the building from asbestos-cement free-flow pipes with holes of 150 mm in diameter in the drainage bedding and without holes of 200 mm in diameter (at the outlet).

The drainage outlet is designed into a designed storm sewer with a diameter of 400 mm.

1.5.5 Heat supply

The source of heat supply is the existing boiler house.

At the entrance to the building, a heating unit is installed with automatic control of heat supply and accounting for consumed heat.

1.5.6 Heating

The project provides for a single-pipe vertical heating system with U-shaped risers and lower routing of lines.

The coolant in the heating system is hot water 95-70 0C.

Cast iron radiators MS 140-108 are used as heating devices. To shut off the branches and risers of the heating system, installation of shut-off valves is provided.

Pipelines passing through the basement should be insulated with mineral wool mats grade 100, 60 mm thick, with a covering layer of rolled fiberglass.

1.5.7 Ventilation

The ventilation system is provided with natural exhaust. The air flow is unorganized through window and door openings.

Ventilation ducts in the technical room are combined into ducts and lead to the roof.

1.5.8 Power supply

The power supply to the house is provided from the designed transformer substation via 0.4 kV cable lines.

External lighting is provided by ZhKU 16-150-001 lamps on reinforced concrete supports.

The connection is made from the ASU at home.

In a residential building, ASU 1-11-10 UKH LZ and ASU 1A-50-01UKH LZ are installed in the electrical panel room. Power ratings are based on homes with electric cookers.

1.5.9 Low-current networks

The project provides for: telephone installation and radio installation.

For radio installation of the house, it is planned to install RS-Sh-3.6 pipe stands on the house being designed.

1.6 Measures to ensure the livelihoods of people with limited mobility

The project has developed the following measures to ensure the livelihoods of people with disabilities and low-mobility groups:

1) installation of ramps at intersections of driveways with sidewalks with lowering of curb stones;

2) arrangement of parking spaces for disabled vehicles with appropriate markings of 3.5 x 6 m with the installation of an identification sign;

3) construction of a ramp equipped with handrails at two levels for the movement of wheelchair users;

4) evacuation routes meet the requirements for ensuring their accessibility and safety for the movement of disabled people.

The surfaces of the coverings of pedestrian paths and floors of premises in the building used by disabled people are hard, durable, and do not allow slipping;

5) elevators are provided, the dimensions of the cabins and doorways of which meet the requirements for ensuring their use by disabled people.

7 Technical and economic indicators of the project

Table 1.1 - Technical and economic indicators of the project

The name of indicators		Indicators
1. Number of apartments including: One-room Two-room Three-room
2. Floor height
3. Building area
4. Living area of apartments
5. Total area of apartments (including loggias)
6. Construction volume of the building including: underground part Above ground part
7. Construction area

2. Calculation and design section

2.1 Thermal calculations of enclosing structures

We use PENOPLEX-35 insulation for walls, coverings and attic floors, l = 0.03 m·єС/W).

2.1.1 Calculation of insulation in a wall 680 mm thick

The wall structure is shown in Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1 - Wall design

D=, S day, (2.1)

where t is the average temperature of the period with the average daily air temperature below or equal to 8 C, C;

Duration of the period with an average daily air temperature below or equal to 8 C, days;

tint - estimated internal air temperature, C;

D= (S day) , (2.2)

Required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures based on energy saving conditions (Table 4, ):

R, m2·S/W, (2.3)

wherea = 0.00035 (for walls);

in = 1.4 (for walls).

R(m2·S/W) . (2.4)

M2·S/W, (2.5)

where n is a coefficient that takes into account the dependence of the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures in relation to the outside air (Table 6, );

Design temperature of internal air, C;

Standardized temperature difference between the internal air temperature and the surface temperature of the enclosing structure, C (Table 5, );

Heat transfer coefficient of the internal surface of enclosing structures, W/(m2·C) (Table 7, ) ;

Estimated outside air temperature during the cold season, C.

8.7 W/(m2·C).

Thermal resistance of a multilayer enclosing structure:

M2·S/W, (2.7)

where is the thickness of the calculation layer, ;

Calculated thermal conductivity coefficient of the layer material, m·S/W;

(plaster);

(masonry made of solid ceramic bricks);

(calculation layer);

(masonry made of solid ceramic bricks).

M2·S/W, (2.8)

M2·S/W, (2.9)

where is the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures, W/(m2·C) (Table 7, );

Heat transfer coefficient (for winter conditions) of the outer surface of the enclosing structure, W/(m2·C).

8.7 W/(m2·C);

23 W/(m2·S) (for wall).

We take the insulation thickness d=50mm, l=0.03 m·єС/W.

2.1.2 Calculation of coating insulation

The design of the coating is shown in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 - Coating design

The degree-day of the heating period is determined by the formula

D=, S day, (2.10)

D= (S day).

R, m2·S/W, (2.11)

wherea = 0.0005 (coverage);

in = 2.2 (coverage).

R(m2·S/W).

Required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures, based on sanitary and hygienic requirements:

M2·S/W, (2.12)

where n = 1 (coverage);

8.7 W/(m2·C).

M2·S/W, (2.13)

(Two layers of LINOCROM);

(cement-sand screed);

(slope made of expanded clay gravel g=400kg/m³);

(insulation);

Thermal resistance of a building envelope with successively arranged homogeneous layers:

M2·S/W, (2.14)

Heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure:

M2·S/W, (2.15)

where = 8.7 W/(m2·C);

23 W/(m2·C) (coverage).

We take the insulation thickness d=170 mm, l=0.03 m·єС/W.

2.1.3 Calculation of attic insulation

The design of the floor is shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 - Attic floor design

The degree-day of the heating period is determined by the formula

D=, S day, (2.17)

D= (S day).

Required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures based on energy saving conditions:

R, m2·S/W, (2.18)

where a = 0.00045 (for attic floor);

b = 1.9 (for attic floors).

R(m2·S/W).

Required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures based on sanitary and hygienic requirements:

M2·S/W, (2.19)

8.7 W/(m2·C).

Thermal resistance of a layer of a multilayer enclosing structure:

M2·S/W, (2.20)

(cement-sand screed);

(insulation);

(multi-hollow reinforced concrete slab).

Thermal resistance of a building envelope with successively arranged homogeneous layers:

M2 S/W (2.21)

Heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure:

M2·S/W, (2.22)

where = 8.7 W/(m2·C);

12 W/(m2·C) (for attic floor).

We take the insulation thickness d=130 mm, l=0.03 m·єС/W.

2.2 Calculation and design of pile foundations

We carry out foundation calculations for block section type 1 along three sections:

1-1 - section: along the external load-bearing wall along the 5c axis;

2-2 - section: along the external self-supporting wall along the Ac axis;

3-3 - section: along the internal load-bearing wall along the 4c axis.

Figure 2.4 - Layout of sections

2.2.1 Calculation of the bearing capacity of a single pile

Table 2.1 - Physical and mechanical properties of soils

IGE number	Soil name	Natural humidity W, %	Density s, g/cm3	Density of soil particles сS, g/cm3	Porosity coefficient E, units	Plasticity number Iр, %	Fluidity index, IL, units	Deformation modulus, E, MPa	Angle of internal friction c, e	Specific adhesion C, kPa
	Soil-vegetative layer
	Brown sandy loam, plastic, thixotropic
	Gray soft-plastic belt loam
	Brown moraine loam, refractory
	Sandy loam gray plastic with layers of sand
	Gray soft plastic loam with plant. ost.
	Gray, refractory loam with an admixture of plant matter.

Figure 2.5 - Layout of engineering-geological section

Figure 2.6 - Engineering geological section along line III-III

The pile is driven using a diesel hammer.

The relative mark of 0.000 corresponds to the absolute mark of 116.100.

The elevation of the top of pile driving is -2.92 (113.180).

Bottom mark of piles C9.35 - -11.92 (104.180).

Cross-sectional area: A=0.352=0.1225m2.

Cross-sectional perimeter: u=0.35·4=1.4m.

We determine the load-bearing capacity Fd of a suspended driven pile, driven without excavation, according to formula 7.8 for pile C100-35.

where c is the coefficient of operating conditions of the pile in the ground, taken c = 1;

R _ calculated soil resistance under the lower end of the pile, kPa, taken according to Table 7.1;

A - the area of support of the pile on the ground, m2, taken by the gross cross-sectional area of the pile or by the cross-sectional area of the camouflage widening along its largest diameter, or by the net area of the shell pile;

A=0.35x0.5=0.123 m2

u -- outer perimeter of the cross section of the pile, m;

cR cf - coefficients of soil operating conditions, respectively, under the lower end and on the side surface of the pile, taking into account the influence of the method of driving the pile on the calculated soil resistance.

fi is the calculated resistance of the i-th layer of foundation soil on the side surface of the pile, kPa (tf/m2), taken according to Table 7.2;

hi -- thickness of the i-th layer of soil in contact with the side surface of the pile, m;

We calculate a single pile as part of the foundation according to the bearing capacity of the foundation soil from the condition:

where is the reliability coefficient.

For IGE 51b - R=3500 kPa;

For IGE 52b - R=2400 kPa;

We carry out calculations for the case when the design resistance of the soil under the lower end of the pile is less, i.e. under the lower end of the pile there is a layer of IGE 52b.

For IGE 20b - 1.9-1.22=0.68m, f1=30.0 kPa;

For IGE 55v - 4.9-1.9=3m, f2=27.0 kPa;

For IGE 51b - 9.3-4.9 = 4.4 m, f3 = 45.0 kPa;

For IGE 52b - 10.22-9.3=0.92m, f4=34.0 kPa;

Fd=1(1H2400H0.123+1.4H(0.68H30+3H27+4.4H45+0.92H34)=758.15kN,

N=758.15/1.4=541.54 kN.

We accept the load-bearing capacity of a single pile N=540kN.

2.2.2 Calculation of the number of piles by section

Table 2.2 - Load collection from the basement floor, kN/m

1. Floor design

Linoleum on a heat and sound insulating basis

t=5 mm, g=1800 kg/m3

t=40 mm, g=1800 kg/m3

Waterproofing - 1 layer

stekloizol

t=7 mm, g=600 kg/m3

Insulation (Penoplex)

t=100 mm, g=35 kg/m3

2. Reinforced concrete slab

t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3

3. Plastered brick partitions. t=105mm

Incl. long-term

Load name	Normative value	Estimated value

Total constant load

Total temporary

Table 2.3 - Collection of loads from the interfloor ceiling, kN/m

1.Floor design

Ceramic tiles

t=11 mm, g=1800 kg/m3

C/p lightweight concrete screed B 7.5

t=50 mm, g=180 kg/m3

Incl. long-term

Load name	Normative value	Estimated value

2.Reinforced concrete slab t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3 3. Plastered brick partitions. t=105mm
Total constant load

Total live load

Table 2.4-Load collection from the attic floor, kN/m

Cement-sand screed

t=40 mm, g=1800 kg/m3

Insulation

t=130 mm, g=35 kg/m3

Stekloizol

t=7 mm, g=600 kg/m3

2.Reinforced concrete slab

t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3

Incl. long-term

Load name	Normative value	Estimated value

Total constant load

Table 2.5 - Load collection from the coating, kN/m

Linocrom - 2 layers

t=7 mm, g=1700 kg/m3

C/p screed, M100

t=30 mm, g=1800 kg/m3

Expanded clay gravel for slope (185..0)

t=100 mm, g=600 kg/m3

Snow Sg=2.4

Load name	Normative value	Estimated value

Insulation t=170 mm, g=35 kg/m3 Reinforced concrete slab t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3
Total constant load

Section 1-1 along the external load-bearing wall along the 5c axis

N=(8.011+8 8.283+4.710+6.748) 3.02=308.94 kN/m

Nsv=27.56 1.1=30.32

Total N01=308.94+402.16+0.71+37.62+23.93+29.12+30.32=832.8 kN/m

Calculation of the pitch of piles in a strip grillage with a single-row arrangement (or in projection onto the axis) of piles.

Design pile pitch:

where k=1.4 - reliability coefficient;

a - pile pitch;

d - depth of the foundation of the grillage;

m=0.02 - calculated value of the average specific gravity of the grillage material and soil, MN/m3.

We accept 3 piles.

Section 2-2 along the external self-supporting wall along the Ac axis

N=(30.15 0.63+1.68 0.38) 1 18 0.95 1.1=402.16 kN/m

N=(30.15 0.05) 1 0.35 0.95 1.3=0.71 kN/m

N=2.4 0.6 25 0.95 1.1 1=37.62 kN/m

Nр=0.6 1.45 25 1.1 1=23.93 kN/m

Ngr=1.55 0.85 17 1.3 1=29.12 kN/m

Nsv=27.56 1.1=30.32

Total N02=402.16+0.71+37.62+23.93+29.12+30.32=523.86 kN/m

Design pile spacing

According to design requirements we accept

Determine the required number of piles

We accept 2 piles.

Section 3-3 along the internal load-bearing wall along the 4c axis

N=(8.011+8 8.283+4.710+6.748) 6.04=617.89 kN/m

N=(27.69 0.38) 1 18 0.95 1.1=235.31 kN/m

N=2.4 0.6 25 0.95 1.1 1=37.62 kN/m

Nр=0.6 1.45 25 1.1 1=23.93 kN/m

Ngr=1.55 0.85 17 1.3 1=29.12 kN/m

Nsv=27.56 1.1=30.32

Total N03=617.89+235.31+37.62+23.93+29.12+30.32=974.16 kN/m

Design pile spacing

According to design requirements we accept

Determine the required number of piles

We accept 3 piles.

2.2.3 Calculation of the settlement of a pile foundation, taking into account the mutual influence of piles in the bush

To calculate the settlement of a pile foundation, taking into account the mutual influence of piles in a bush, it is necessary to determine the settlement of a single pile

s=P·I/(ESL·d), (2.28)

IS - precipitation influence coefficient, determined according to Table 7.18;

ESL - modulus of soil deformation at the level of the pile base, 14 MPa;

d - side of a square pile, 0.35 m;

s=540·0.18/(14000·0.35)=0.02m

The settlement of a group of piles sG, m, with a distance between piles of up to 7d, taking into account the mutual influence of piles in a bush, is determined on the basis of a numerical solution that takes into account the increase in settlement of piles in a bush versus the settlement of a single pile at the same load

sG=s1·RS , (2.29)

where s1 is the settlement of a single pile;

RS - draft increase coefficient, table 7.19;

sG=0.02Х1.4=0.028m.

2.3 Calculation of the pier

We carry out the calculation of the pier for the outer wall along the 2c axis in the Es-Zhs axes with a length of 1290 mm.

Figure 2.7 - Layout of the design wall

Table 2.6-Collection of loads on the pier

Load name
Constant Coating Linocrom - 2 layers (t=7 mm, g=1700 kg/m3) C/p screed, M100 (t=30 mm, g=1800 kg/m3) Expanded clay gravel (t=100 mm, g=600 kg/m3) Insulation (t=170 mm, g=35 kg/m3) Reinforced concrete slab (t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3)
Attic floor Cement-sand screed (t=40 mm, g=1800 kg/m3) Insulation (t=130 mm, g=35 kg/m3) Stekloizol (t=7 mm, g=600 kg/m3) Reinforced concrete slab (t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3)
Interfloor overlap Floor design Ceramic tiles (t=11 mm, g=1800 kg/m3) C/p concrete screed B7.5 (t=50 mm, g=180 kg/m3) Reinforced concrete slab (t=220 mm, g=2500 kg/m3) Plastered brick partitions. t=105mm
Balcony slab Cement-sand screed (t=25 mm, g=1800 kg/m3) Solid reinforced concrete slab (t=150 mm, g=2500 kg/m3) Brick fencing (t=120 mm, g=1800 kg/m3)
Brick wall weight 1.29 32.12 0.68 18
Temporary 1.5 9.09

Load area 3.02·3.01=9.09m

The calculation is carried out in accordance with;

For calculation, we take brick grade 125, mortar grade 100.

Calculation of eccentrically compressed elements of masonry structures should be carried out according to the formula in clause 4.7. formula 13:

Nmg 1 R Ac, (2.30)

where Ac is the area of the compressed part of the section determined by formula 14:

A=1.29·0.68=0.8772 m2

Ac=0.8872·(1-2·0.2/68)=0.8719 m2

where is the longitudinal bending coefficient for the entire section in the plane of action of the bending moment, determined by the actual height of the element. According to clause 4.2. h=Н/h=2.8/0.68=4.1;

c is the longitudinal bending coefficient for the compressed part of the section, determined by the actual height of the element. According to clause 4.2. hс=Н/hс=2.8/0.28=10.0, for a rectangular section hc=h-2ео =0.68-2*0.2 =0.28;

elastic characteristics of masonry with mesh reinforcement

where is the temporary compression resistance, (2.34).

Percentage of masonry reinforcement

MPa·0.6=294MPa,

where 0.6 is the coefficient of operating conditions (for Ш4 В500)

Coefficient taken according to table. 14,

Elastic characteristics (Table 15),

according to table 18 =0.99, s=0.80

R is the calculated compression resistance of the masonry, according to table. 2 for brick grade 125 and mortar grade 100 R=2.0 MPa; MPa for Ш4 В500

The coefficient determined by the formulas given in table. 19 item 1, for rectangular section:

1+0,2/0,68=1,291,45

mg-coefficient, mg=1 at h>30 cm.

N 1 0.9 2 106 0.8719 1.29 = 2024.5518 kN

1398.07 kN< 2024,55кН

The bearing capacity of the wall is ensured.

3. Technological section

Technological map for performing work “0” cycle

3.1 Scope of application

Foundations. Pile foundations with L=9 m were designed for a 9-storey residential building; a monolithic reinforced grillage was designed for the pile foundation. The conditional mark of 0.000 level of the finished floor of the first floor corresponds to the absolute mark of +128.400.

When installing pile foundations for foundations:

reliability of foundation operation increases;

excavation work is reduced;

material consumption decreases;

the ability to work in winter without fear of freezing the soil base;

If the basement is filled and the base is soaked, there is no danger of planting during subsequent use.

The negative side of a pile foundation is the labor intensity when driving piles.

Piles are intended to transfer the load from a building or structure to the soil.

The location of the piles in the plan depends on the type. The location of the piles in the plan depends on the type of structure, the weight and location of the load. The immersion of prefabricated piles into the ground is carried out using hammers of various designs, which are heavy metal heads suspended on pile driver cables, which are raised to the required height using the winches of these mechanisms and freely fall on the head of the pile.

The groundwater level, according to survey data, is 0.5-1 m below the ground surface. The elevation of the bottom of the foundation base changes: -12.130, -12.135, -12.125.

The points of the piles are located in a layer of semi-solid loam.

The design load allowed on the pile is determined by calculation and is 50 tf.

Basement floor elevation -3,400

When laying walls made of concrete blocks, it is necessary to bandage the seams using M100 cement mortar. The thickness of horizontal and vertical seams should be no more than 20 mm.

Separate areas in external walls and internal walls in contact with the ground should be sealed with B7.5 concrete. Sections of the internal walls that are not in contact with the ground are made of well-fired solid ceramic bricks of plastic pressing grade K-0 100/35/GOST 530-95 with M100 cement mortar.

The brickwork of the entrances to the basement and porch, in contact with the ground, is made of well-fired solid bricks of plastic pressing, followed by grouting on the outside and coating with hot bitumen mastic 2 times.

After installation of communications, all openings left for them in the external walls are sealed with class B7.5 concrete, ensuring appropriate sealing.

Table 3.1 - Work volume calculation table

The technological map has been developed for driving driven piles up to 16 m long with a multi-row arrangement of piles.

When constructing pile foundations, in addition to the technological map, one should be guided by the following regulatory documents: .

The scope of application of piles is specified in the mandatory appendix to GOST 19804.0 - 78*. The technological map has been developed for groups I and II.

3.2 Production technology

The construction of pile foundations is provided in a complex - mechanized way using commercially produced equipment and mechanization means. Calculation of labor costs, work schedule, pile driving schemes, material and technical resources and technical and economic indicators were carried out for driven piles 9 m long with a cross-section of 35×35 cm.

The work covered by the map includes:

unloading piles and storing them in stacks;

layout and assembly of piles at immersion sites;

marking piles and applying horizontal marks;

preparing the pile driver for loading operations;

driving piles (slinging and pulling piles to the pile driver, lifting the pile onto the pile driver and inserting it into the head cap, pointing the pile to the immersion point, driving the pile to the design mark or failure);

cutting down the heads of reinforced concrete piles;

acceptance of work.

3.3 Organization and technology of the construction process

Before starting pile driving, the following work must be completed:

excavation of the pit and layout of its bottom;

installation of drains and drainage from the working site (bottom of the pit);

access roads have been laid, electricity has been supplied;

geodetic alignment of axes and marking of the position of piles and pile rows was carried out in accordance with the project;

the piles were assembled and stored;

Transportation and installation of pile driver equipment was carried out.

Installation of pile driver equipment is carried out on a site measuring at least 35 x 15 m. After completion of the preparatory work, a bilateral certificate of readiness and acceptance of the construction site, pit and other objects provided for by the PPR is drawn up.

Lifting of piles during unloading is carried out with a two-strand sling using mounting loops, and in their absence - with a loop (noose). At the construction site, piles are unloaded into stacks and sorted by grade. The height of the stack should not exceed 2.5 m. The piles are laid on wooden pads 12 cm thick with their tips pointing in one direction. The placement of piles in the working area of the pile driver, at a distance of no more than 10 m, is carried out using a truck crane on a lining in one row. The site must have a supply of piles for at least 2 - 3 days.

Before immersion, each pile is marked by meters using a steel tape measure from tip to head. Meter segments and the designed immersion depth are marked with bright pencil marks, numbers (indicating meters) and beeches (PG) (design immersion depth). From the marks (PG) towards the tip, using a template, marks are applied at intervals of 20 mm (on a segment of 20 cm) for the convenience of determining failure (immersion of the pile from one hammer blow). The marks on the side surface of the pile row allow you to see the depth of pile driving at a given moment and determine the number of hammer blows for each meter of immersion. Using a template, vertical marks are applied to the pile, which are used to visually control the vertical position of the piles.

Driving of piles is carried out with a diesel hammer S - 859 on the basis of an E - 10011 excavator equipped with a diesel hammer type SP - 50. For driving piles, it is recommended to use H - shaped cast and welded caps with upper and lower notches. Pile caps are used with two wooden spacers made of hardwood (oak, beech, hornbeam, maple). The piles are driven in the following sequence:

slinging the pile and pulling it to the place of driving;

installing the pile into the cap;

guiding the pile to the driving point;

vertical alignment;

immersion of the pile to the design mark or design failure.

The slinging of the pile for lifting to the pile driver is carried out with a universal sling, covering the pile with a loop (noose) at the locations of the pin. The piles are pulled to the pile driver using a working rope using a pull-out block along a planned line or along the bottom of the pit in a straight line.

The hammer is raised to a height that ensures installation of the pile. The pile is driven into the cap by pulling it up to the mast and then installing it in a vertical position.

The pile lifted onto the pile driver is pointed at the driving point and turned with a pile wrench relative to the vertical axis to the design position. Re-alignment is carried out after the pile is immersed by 1 m and is corrected using guidance mechanisms.

The driving of the first 5 - 20 piles located at various points of the construction site is carried out using pledges (the number of blows within 2 minutes) with the counting and recording of the number of blows for each meter of immersion of the pile. At the end of driving, when the failure of the pile is close in magnitude to the calculated value, it is measured. Failures are measured with an accuracy of 1 mm and no less than three consecutive deposits in the last meter of pile immersion. The minimum value of the average failure values for three consecutive pledges should be taken as a failure corresponding to the calculated one.

Failure measurements are made using a stationary reference cast-off. A pile that does not give the design failure is subjected to control finishing after it (rest) in the ground in accordance with GOST 5686 - 78*.

If the failure during control finishing exceeds the calculated one, the design organization establishes the need for control tests of piles with a static load and adjustments to the design of the pile foundation. The executive documents when performing piling work are the pile driving log and the summary list of driven piles.

The cutting of pile heads begins after completion of the work of driving the piles onto the gripper. There are risks in places where heads are cut off. Felling is carried out using an installation for twisting heads SP - 61A, mounted on a truck crane. The work of cutting down pile heads is carried out in the following order:

the SP - 61A installation is lowered onto the pile, while its longitudinal axis must be perpendicular to the plane of one of the faces;

holders and grips are combined with a risk on the pile;

turn on the hydraulic cylinders of the installation, which drive the grippers that destroy concrete at risk;

Gas welding is used to cut off the pile reinforcement.

The immersion of piles is carried out when the soil freezes no more than 0.5 m. With greater soil freezing, the piles are immersed in leading wells.

The diameter of the leading wells when driving piles should be no more than the diagonal and no less than the side of the cross section of the pile, and the depth should be 2/3 of the freezing depth.

Drilling of leading wells is carried out using tubular drills that are part of the pile driver equipment.

The work of driving piles is carried out by the following installation units:

unloading and laying out piles - link No. 1: driver 5 rubles. - 1 person, riggers (concrete workers) 3 rub. - 2 people;

marking, driving piles - unit No. 2: driver 6 r. - 1 person, piledrivers 5 rub. - 1 person, 3 r. - 1 person;

cutting down pile heads - unit No. 3: driver 5 rubles. - 1 person, riggers (concrete workers) 3 rub. - 2 people;

cutting of reinforcement bars - link No. 4: gas cutter 3p. - 2 people

All units working on pile driving are included in a comprehensive team of final products.

3.4 Calculation of the scope of work for the underground part of the building

Determine the area of the surface to be cleaned:

F = (A + 2H15) H (B + 2H15) = (15.82+30) H (58.4+30) = 4050 m2 (3.1)

where A and B are the dimensions of the building in axes, m.

Removal of the plant layer of soil is carried out by moving and placing it in transport.

We cut the plant layer in two passes with a bulldozer, one track at a time, to a depth of 30 cm.

We carry out the cutting sequentially, dividing one bulldozer stroke into 25 parts of 2.5 meters each.

We begin cutting from the farthest area poured by the cavalier.

Laying the slope:

MChh , m, (3.2)

where h is the depth of the pit;

m - slope steepness indicator,

0.65×2.48 = 1.6 m.

where Vп is the volume of the sinuses, defined as the difference between the volume of the pit and the volume of the underground part of the structure.

Figure 3.1 - Pit plan

Table 3.2- Determination of scope of work

Types of jobs	Required machines	Brigade composition
	Name
Cutting the vegetation layer with a bulldozer soil group II	DZ-18 (2 pcs)	Driver 6р-1
Excavation of soil with an excavator with a hydraulic drive, sweeping, V=0.65m3, soil group II		Driver 6р-1
Laying out piles at immersion sites		Machinist 5р-1
Marking piles with paint
Driving piles up to 9 m long	pile driver S 859 based on excavator E10110
Cutting down the heads of reinforced concrete piles
Cutting off reinforcement bars

3.5 Calculation part for the technological map for driving piles

The site where the pile driving work will be carried out has dimensions of 68.35 x 28.16 m. Of the materials required for the construction of foundations, one type of pile is used in these works: S 90.30-8u (i.e. with a section of 35 x 35 and 9 m long) and weighing 2.575 tons. The required number of piles for the work is 544 pieces.

To carry out the work, we select the C 859 pile driver based on the E10110 excavator, which will use an SP-50 diesel hammer as an attachment.

Figure 3.1 - Self-propelled pile driver based on the E-10110 excavator crane with a mounted mast:

1 - boom of an excavator crane; 2 - headframe mast; 3 - head with blocks; 4 - chain hoist; 5 - rope for lifting the hammer; 6 - rope for pulling...

A little about the history of the issue

The design of houses of various heights is dictated by the need to save space, which arises in conditions of total urbanization.

The higher the house, the more apartments can be built in it and the more families can be accommodated.

Sample plan for a 9-story building

The expansion of large cities and megalopolises in width leads to the seizure of areas that could serve as agricultural land. Therefore, there was an urgent need for the design and construction of multi-storey buildings. Here are some examples:

the first 4-story frame-panel house in the Soviet state was built in Moscow in the post-war period (1948);
at the same time and a little later in Moscow, a residential area was built up with houses of 10 floors;
the first frameless panel house, 7 floors high, was built in 1954, also in the capital;
the construction of 5-story buildings was chosen for reasons of economy - this is the maximum number of storeys that allows construction without an elevator;
For the first time, the construction of a 9-story panel house began in 1960.

Without an agreed project with all parameters, it is impossible to start construction

Determine with accuracy how tall a 9-story building is , possible using the standard code that was used to designate standard projects in the USSR. The index indicated the type of building and wall material (panels, load-bearing frame, blocks, bricks, etc.), series number and serial number of the project. Sometimes there are two more numbers, 1 or 2, indicating the period when it was adjusted.

Read also: Safe distance from cell towers to residential buildings: standards and harm to health

By looking up the documents for the series, you can accurately calculate the height of a 9-story building in meters in a particular design of a typical type of building. The designation also included data on the expected climatic conditions (seismic, permafrost, subsidence, etc.), as well as the degree of durability of the 9-story building, which the creators of the project expected (the number 1 meant up to one hundred).

Viewing the plan requires knowledge of numerical and letter designations according to GOST

Architectural solutions

The considerations from which the architects proceeded when choosing 9 floors for construction, and not 10 or 8 floors, were the expected height, with rare exceptions, of 28 or a little more than m. The vertical size of a 9-story building in meters usually allows you to reach the top floor using a standard fire escape, the length of which is exactly the same - 28 m.

The standard ceiling height was even less than 3 meters, but taking into account the foundation or base it turned out to be a little more.

If you don’t have a plan, you can easily request such a document from the developer

If you build an additional number of floors, special stairs are required to ensure evacuation in case of fire, and this means a significant increase in the cost of the project. Even if the ceiling height was 3 meters (which was extremely rare in panel houses, even with a foundation and basement), the height of a 9-story building did not exceed 30 m. It turned out that a fire escape could reach the top floor. At the same time, additional security measures leading to an increase in the cost of the resulting square meters were not required.

The photo shows a 9-story building.

The ratio of the height of a 9-story building and a fire escape

Approximate floor height according to SNiP

Apartment buildings include any buildings that have several exits to the building site, or those buildings whose height is more than 3 floors. There is a classification of the number of storeys of buildings, according to the number of floors or the number of meters in height.

Table for calculating parameters depending on the ceiling level according to SNiP

This classification includes all modern buildings, except skyscrapers, and by looking into it, you can find out that residential buildings are:

low-rise (up to 3 floors or up to 12 m: possible non-standard ceiling heights are taken into account);
mid-rise buildings include floors 3 to 5, standard five-story buildings about 15 meters high;
from the 6th to the 10th floor are considered high-rise, the approximate height of the maximum building is 30 m;
all others are considered in categories up to 50, 75 and more meters.

Read also: At what distance from the house can a bathhouse be built: fire code SNiP and law

The number of floors does not always mean reaching a certain level. The construction of 6-story buildings in Moscow, where the 1st floor was intended for shops, could be almost as tall as a typical nine-story building. The average height of one floor is considered to be 2.6–2.8 m.

Classification of houses according to SNiP

But in typical projects it could be 2.50, 2.64, 2.7 m. In panel houses it depended on the size of the panel, and they were from 2.5 to 2.8 meters. In a brick house, the ceiling height is from 2.8 to 3 m. In a monolithic structure, much depends on the concrete used, but the ceilings usually reach sizes in the range from 3 to 3 m 30 cm.

Modern standards

In modern individual construction, any room with ceilings higher than 2.5 m is considered suitable for living, and anything lower may already be considered unsuitable for living. At the same time, the maximum number of floors of individual housing construction is 3 floors and 9 m.

This limitation also includes the underground part of the building, so that the average size of a floor can be considered in any case to be about 3 m. Therefore, to the question about the height of a nine-story building, the stable answer received in the information network is from 27 to 30 m.

Construction of a 9-storey building

If you need more accurate data, you should find out the index of the residential building and look at the parameters provided in the standard project.

Ceiling height in standard projects

Starting from the 70s of the last century, a unified catalog of construction parts began to operate in the Soviet Union, which is why the construction of standard projects became part of construction practice. The most common series of houses with nine floors include:

1-515/9sh – house of several sections, panel, maximum number of rooms in the apartment – 3, size from floor to ceiling – 2.60 m;
1605/9 – one-, two- and three-room apartments, but the ceilings are already 2.64 m, can be distinguished by the presence of end and row sections;
11-18/9 - a brick house, but to the ceiling in the apartment - the same 2.64 m;
11-49 - already provided for 4-room apartments, but the size from floor to ceiling remained generally accepted - 2.64 m;
in later series (606 and P-44K) the vertical to the ceiling could reach 2.70 m;
in modern 137th, in houses built a long time ago - also 2.70 m, in newer ones - even 2.8 m.

An apartment building differs from an individual building in that it has several separate exits to the land or apartment plot. Also, multi-apartment buildings are recognized as buildings whose height exceeds 3 floors, including underground, basement, attic, etc.

Classification of number of storeys of buildings

The following classification of residential buildings is distinguished, which differ in the number of floors:

Low-rise (1 - 3). Most often these include individual residential buildings. The height of the building, as a rule, does not exceed 12 meters;
Mid-rise (3-5). The height of the floors is 15 meters - this is a standard five-story building;
High number of storeys (6-10). The building is 30 meters high;
Multi-storey (10 - 25):

High-rise. From (25 - 30).

The number of storeys of a building is calculated solely by the number of above-ground floors. When calculating the number of storeys, not only the size from floor to ceiling is taken into account, but also the size of inter-floor ceilings.

Apartment buildings. Number of floors and height of buildings

In modern projects, the “golden mean” is considered to be a height of one floor of 2.8-3.3 m.

The construction of multi-storey buildings is carried out only by highly qualified specialists, since this business not only requires large expenses, but also has many nuances.

The following types of multi-storey buildings are distinguished:

Panel. Belongs to the budget series. It has a high construction speed, but poor heat and sound insulation. The maximum number of storeys is about 25, depending on the design. In a living room, the height from floor to ceiling is 2.5 - 2.8 m, depending on the size of the panels.
Brick. The construction speed is quite low, since construction requires high costs. Thermal and sound insulation indicators are much higher than panel ones. The optimal possible number of floors is 10. The height of each is on average 2.8 - 3 m.
Monolithic. These buildings are quite diverse, because everything depends on the load-bearing capacity of concrete. They have high seismic resistance. To improve heat and sound insulation during construction, brickwork can be used. Allows the construction of about 160 floors. Height from floor to ceiling 3 - 3.3 m.

How to obtain permission for individual housing construction? What does a developer need to know?

Limiting authorities follow the development procedure and approve documents for individual housing construction according to RSN 70-88. Thanks to them, not only the accuracy of site development is determined, but also the layout of the home and auxiliary buildings. This project needs to be carefully considered, because what is not shown in the plan will be recognized as an unauthorized structure and must be demolished or re-approved.

Without permission, that is, before the plan is approved and documents are received, work should not begin, otherwise serious problems may arise. In order to find out exactly what documents will be required to start construction, you should read the “Code of Rules for Design and Construction SP 11-III-99”.

In 2010, SNiPs were recognized as sets of mandatory rules. They regulate activities in the field of urban planning, as well as engineering work, design and construction.

In order to obtain permission, you need to contact the BTI or the city architectural department to provide:

application for planning permission;
documents establishing the right to use the site;
certificate of field determination of boundaries, placement of buildings, etc.;
cadastral plan of the site;
House project.

Once issued, the permit is valid for 10 years.

Individual housing construction

The number of floors of an individual residential building is calculated based on the number of residents and personal preferences. The minimum height of a room according to SNiP is 2.5 m. If the height does not correspond to these parameters and is lower, then this room will be considered unsuitable for habitation.

How many floors can be built on the site? On an individual plot it is permissible to build a three-story house with a height of about 9 meters. In this case, both underground and above-ground premises are also taken into account.

What can be built on a garden plot?

Many people are interested in the question: what can be built and how many floors can one build independently on a garden plot? In addition to outbuildings, it is possible to build residential premises on a garden plot that are not suitable for registration. When constructing buildings on a garden plot, you should be guided by SNiP.

Multi-storey buildings are a good solution to accommodate a large number of people in complete comfort in a limited area. But tall buildings put pressure on people; they become disconnected from the ground. And instead of being content with the sun's rays, you have to live in the shade of multi-story buildings.

How many years have multi-storey buildings been built?

If construction organizers do not pursue goals such as breaking any records during construction, or if they are not pressed for deadlines, then the building takes about 10 months to construct. Also, the timing depends on the height of the 9-story building. There are also such nuances as a lack of labor due to sudden epidemics, materials, and the vagaries of the weather. And in addition to height, a house can also occupy a certain area. It can be a whole complex or a house with one entrance, and the construction of each requires its own time frame.

To this you need to add the time required for the foundation to shrink. This is a necessary and natural process. This takes about a year or more. Shrinkage occurs depending on the natural conditions of the area (weather, soil) and the materials used in construction. Naturally, the building pushes the ground and settles a little in it. Before construction, specialists are required to study the structure of the soil, after which they draw up a construction plan - what materials to select, what height of a 9-story building in meters should be, the foundation, etc. It is also important to eliminate flooding of the sub- and near-ground parts, since groundwater has a negative impact on any building materials.

Tallest buildings in the world

If you think that the height of a 9-story building is too high, then you are mistaken. Compared to the tallest buildings in the world, this is just a fungus under a tree. In New York there is a tower called the Sears Tower, and its height is 443.2 meters! And this skyscraper is far from the tallest in the world. But the height of its observation deck will be visible to the entire city.

There is a skyscraper called the Empire State Building, and it has a height of 381 meters. Location - the same New York. A huge amount of materials were used in its construction. It has 102 floors and 6.5 thousand windows!

Completing the trio of examples is Shun Hing Square, and this one is already in the city of Shenzhen, which is located in China. Its height is 384 meters (69 floors). Construction took 3 years. Up to 4 floors were built per day. Despite the fact that the height of a 9-story building is small compared to skyscrapers, few companies can complete the work in such a time frame.

But if every construction company could meet such deadlines, then in a matter of years cities could turn into megalopolises. Many cities would lose their historical names and acquire new ones due to the fact that they underwent agglomeration. But let's not scare ourselves with fantasies.

Is it difficult to build high-rise buildings?

If you are looking for a master class on how to build a multi-story house with your own hands, then you better give up this idea. Since without special calculations your house will not stand for long. Often people cannot cope with the complexity and volume of work even when building a one-story private house.

We present the amount of basic materials needed during construction. To build one floor, you need 4,500 bricks, 10 kg of plaster, 10 floor slabs and much more. And the height of a 9-story building is not just abstract numbers. There are costs for the foundation, roofing, etc. In addition, a large workforce and special equipment are needed to lift building materials to a height.

The responsibilities for constructing a multi-story building are divided among a large number of people. There are many professions involved in this matter: from architects to builders. Do they find it difficult to cope with their responsibilities? Certainly!

The first tall buildings

Even in ancient times on Earth, people knew how to build structures of enormous size. Unfortunately, the technology has not reached our days. But the size is amazing! How could people, without modern tools, create such complex structures? The most famous buildings are the temples and pyramids of the Aztecs, Mayans, Egyptians, as well as Greek palaces. Even then, people knew how to create buildings that were complex not only in size, but also in shape and beauty.

Disadvantages of 9-story buildings

Living in a tall building is not always convenient. There are many disadvantages of living in 9-story buildings. For example, if you live on the top floors and the elevator is faulty. And the very possibility of getting stuck in an elevator is not attractive. The height of a 9-story building offers beautiful views of the city, but the likelihood that your children may fall off the windowsill while admiring them is very high if you do not prohibit them from playing and leaning on the window. Explain to children what consequences these activities may have.

And in case of an emergency, if you live on the highest floor, it will be more difficult for you to leave your apartment. It is dangerous to use the elevator, and it takes a long time to run up the stairs to the first floor; unforeseen circumstances can happen during the descent. The fire escape is not long enough to reach the 9th floor. However, help can come from the air. But there are floors that cannot be reached either from the air or using stairs.

So, it is better to develop an evacuation plan with your family in advance for any type of emergency. Keep a first aid kit and essentials ready, and most importantly, remember that safety depends primarily on you. Follow the rules of safe behavior yourself and don’t forget to teach them to your children.

We sometimes ask ourselves questions that might not have interested us at all even a week ago. But human nature is such that, under the influence of various factors, we suddenly begin to reflect on different phenomena, processes, and situations.

Most people in the CIS live in the construction heritage of the USSR - 9-storey buildings. Why do houses in mass developments consist of 9 floors? After all, for a round number it was possible to build 10 or 15 floors?

The answer is quite simple: the height of a standard fire engine mechanized ladder is 28 meters. This is exactly the permissible height from the fire passage to the upper floor window that is prescribed in the regulatory documents.

If we take into account the fact that the height of one floor is 2.8–3 meters, and add to this the height of the base, then in most cases it turns out that the fire escape just reaches the 9th floor.

In buildings that are over 28 meters, a smoke-free staircase H1 is required. And these are additional costs, and accordingly, the price per square meter also rises. Well, such a staircase, of course, takes up much more space in the building. Therefore, such a solution is justified in buildings of 14 floors and above.

We also need to take into account the fact that in the USSR they saved on everything where possible. In 9-story buildings, according to GOST, one elevator is needed, and starting from 10 floors - two.

In addition to the absence of a freight elevator, buildings with nine floors did not require air pressure systems, smoke removal systems, or special evacuation routes.

All of the above factors significantly influenced the cost. A square meter in a 12-story building was strikingly different in price from the same in a nine-story building.

Now the situation has become a little clearer. But we are already so accustomed to the fact that houses have 9 floors that we don’t even think about why they consist of nine floors. We hope you found the article useful and interesting.

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