Basketball is played everywhere: in specialized halls, on equipped street courts or near houses.

But professional tournaments still take place in halls on a completely flat surface that prevents injuries, which a basketball player can receive during the game. Tournament basketball courts have several important components, one of which is the parameters of the playing space.

What is a basketball court and what does it look like?

The basketball playing field is rectangle with line markings, which are applied with either white or yellow paint. The field can be located both indoors (indoor area) and outdoors. On street courts, if they are equipped specifically for basketball games, artificial turf is laid or games are played on asphalt. Some amateur basketball courts are turfed.

Photo 1. Open street court for playing basketball. The playing area is fenced, the field is covered with special rubber crumb.

The size of the basketball court varies: they are standard, suitable for official competitions, and amateur. Tournament venues are sized 28 x 15 m, amateur should not exceed the size 30 x 18 m. Ceiling height of the covered area - from 7 meters (in some cases about 12). The lighting is adjusted so that the luminescence does not interfere with the players and referees, but the entire field is evenly covered.

Reference. To end 60s basketball matches were played mainly open air. Now tournaments are held only in specialized halls. The exception is streetball (street basketball).

The site is lined with markings indicating certain zones and equipped with two racks with shields and baskets (ring and mesh), which are located on both sides of the playing field. Its diagram, as a rule, indicates the size in length and width, the opponents' zones, where they indicate the ring, the central circle, the front, side, three-point, center lines, and throw-in lines.

What are the sizes of courts and gyms for playing basketball?

There are several types of basketball courts.

Public use

Fields for amateur games may have standard parameters ( 28 x 15 m) or slightly different in size.

Thus, school and university grounds - 12-15 m in width and 21-28 m in length.

Parameters of the playing area for mini-basketball ( for children under 12 years old) — 17 x 12 m.

The size of a streetball court is half the size of a basketball court - 15 x 14 m or even 14 x 9 m.

Attention! Most public platforms have parameters 26 x 14 m, but the length should not exceed 30 m, and the width is 18 m.

For official tournaments

Such fields are subject to strict association requirements. The main conditions are the parameters of the playing area and the surface. Standard sizes - 28 x 15 m. In the halls at professional tournaments the coverage is checked for chips and bulges. Since basketball players move quite quickly across the field, defects in the surface can lead to serious injuries: bruises, sprains, and fractures.

Playing field is required must be rectangular in shape with clear markings, well lit from all sides. The markings are applied with paint of one color (white or yellow) and have a width not less than 50 mm.

Photo 2. Indoor basketball court for official tournaments. The field is covered with parquet and there are stands around it.

Components of the playing field

A basketball court has several zones separated by lines.

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Bounding contours

Area highlighted along the perimeter by boundary lines(necessarily contrasting with markings of a different color), which consist of front and side contours and are not part of the basketball court. Their task is highlight the playing area itself And separate all obstacles: players' benches, places where the referee is located, etc., no less than two meters from the space where the match is taking place (it is from the boundary line that the countdown begins).

Central line

Runs parallel to the front lines through the side lines. It is applied with the same paint as the main markings (white or yellow).

Central circle and general diagram

Located in the middle of the playing area. From here the ball begins to be played between opposing teams. As a rule, the circle is only highlighted, but not colored. If it is painted, it must match the color of the limited areas.

Photo 3. Diagram of zones on the basketball court. In the middle there is a central circle from where the ball is kicked out.

Three-point zone

Highlights the location from which the player makes a throw. A successful throw from outside the zone limited by this arc brings the team exactly three points.

Reference. The three-point line has appeared in 1979-1984, and was accepted first NBA, then NCAA, And in 1984 - FIBA.

Free throw zone

Together with the facial contours, they designate the so-called limited zones (painted in the same shade as the central circle), which extend to the sides of the playing area of ​​the field and represent semicircles with a radius of 180 cm. The midpoints of the restricted areas are located at the center of the free throw lines.

Marking

There must be markings on the basketball field.

These include: front, side, center and center circle. The side and front contours outline a rectangle along the perimeter of the field, highlighting the playing area.

The lateral lines form long sides of the rectangle, and the facial ones are short.

The central line delimits the field into two equal zones and is drawn through the middle of the side contours, protruding 15 cm each beyond the boundaries of each of them.

The central circle is located in the middle of the site relative to the boundary lines. His radius 180 cm(measurements are taken to the outer edge of the circle).

Throw lines

This: three-point zone, free throw line, shooting area.

Three-point zones are measured from the three-point arc to the center of the opponent's hoop. There are standards for designating these zones: according to NBA regulations, this distance 7.24 m, according to FIBA ​​rules - 6.75 m, in the NCAA league - 6.32 meters.

The free throw line has length 360 cm and is parallel to each front line. According to the regulations, the edge of the free throw contour must be at a distance 580 cm from the inner edge of the front line, and the middle - on an imaginary straight line connecting the midpoints of the two front lines.

Throwing area - area from which basketball players take free throws throws.

Features of the team bench area

The basketball court itself includes a playing field marked with lines and divided into zones, as well as an area where benches for substitute players and places for referees and coaches.

According to the regulations, the areas of the benches of substitute players are limited by lines from 2 meters and are located on the same side as the scorer's table, but not less than 1 meter from the spectator seats. Bench areas may be both square and rectangular shapes.

Supports and shields as components on which the field marking depends

The marking of the playing area and the dimensions of the basketball court itself directly depend on the basketball posts. The supports of the structures on which the shields and baskets are attached are located 2 meters from the end lines. The color of the supports should stand out. As a rule, they are painted in colors that contrast with the walls and the area itself.

Approximately to the height 2—2.15 meters the supports are covered with protective material. Shields are being made made of tempered safety glass(transparent) or from wood a (white), thick not less than 3 cm. Parameters of the shield used in official competitions - 1.8 x 1.1 meters. The shield is installed on a support to a height of 2.9 m above the site level. The markings are applied with black (if the shield is white) or white (if transparent) paint. The center is highlighted with a rectangle 590 x 450 mm. Line width - 50 mm.

This page provides official markings for mini-football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton and football. You can also get acquainted with the main parameters of gaming equipment for these sports.

When designing a sports field, it is important to remember that for most team sports it is necessary to provide space outside the main field of the court (runs or outs). These areas are shown in green in our diagrams. Markings on sports fields are applied with two-component wear-resistant paint.

Volleyball court markings.

The dimensions of the volleyball court imply not only a playing area, but also a free zone. Currently, the dimensions of the volleyball court along with the free zone are 24-34 m in length and 15-19 m in width. The surface of the site must be strictly horizontal. But for volleyball courts located on the street, a slope of 0.5% is allowed to drain rainwater. The net is positioned in such a way that its highest point is at a height of 2.43 meters from the ground in men's competitions and 2.24 meters in women's competitions (the height may vary for veteran and junior competitions). On both sides the net is limited by two vertical antennas, which are a continuation of the side line of the court and determine the space allowed by the rules for playing the ball. The distance between the volleyball posts is 11m.

The height of the racks above the platform level is 2.55 m.

According to the standards of the International Basketball Federation, the dimensions of a basketball court should be 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. Outside the site there must be free space for running, at least 2 meters on each side. The dimensions of an amateur court can vary from 12 to 16 m in width and from 20 to 28 m in length. The basketball stand is mounted in such a way that the distance from the surface of the covering to the backboard is 290 cm, and to the ring 305 cm. The backboard should be located in the court, at a distance of 120cm from the end line.

Marking the court for mini-football.

The mini-football court has the following parameters:

Length: minimum - 25 m (for international matches 38 m), maximum - 42 m.

Width: minimum 15 m, maximum 25 m.

The markings are applied with lines 8 cm wide. These lines are included in the dimensions of the areas that they limit.

The goal gate measures 3 x 2 m. The depth of the goal is 1 m. The goal posts and crossbar are 80 mm wide and deep. The gate must have a stabilizing system that prevents it from tipping over.

Badminton court markings.

The badminton court measures 13.4 by 5.18 meters. The free space outside the area (runs) must be at least 50 cm on the sides, and at least 80 cm outside the baseline. The markings are applied with lines 4 cm wide. The height of the grid is 1.55 meters at the supports, 1.524 meters in the center (sagging). Badminton posts are mounted directly into the side lines at a distance of 610 cm from each other.​

On this page we describe in detail the basketball playground, its history and rules. If you need any advice on a basketball court, our specialists will answer all your questions. Order coverage

The playing area must be a flat, rectangular, hard surface without any obstructions.

For the main official FIBA ​​competitions, as well as for new playing courts under construction, the dimensions, measured from the inside edge of the boundary lines, must be 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. For all other competitions, the relevant FIBA ​​structures, such as the Zonal Commission or National Federations, have the right to approve existing playing courts with a minimum size of 26 meters in length and 14 meters in width.

FIBA- International Basketball Federation (French Fédération Internationale de Basketball, abbreviated FIBA, in Russian transliteration FIBA)

Ceiling

The ceiling height or distance to the lowest object above the playing area must be at least 7 meters.

Lighting

The playing surface must be evenly and sufficiently illuminated. Light sources must be located where they will not interfere with Players and Referees.

Lines

All lines must be painted in the same color (preferably white), have a width of 5 cm and be clearly visible.

Front and side lines

The playing court must be limited by two front (on the short sides of the court) and two side (on the long sides of the court) lines. These lines are not part of the site. The playing area must be at least 2 meters away from any obstructions, including the team bench.

Central line

The center line is drawn parallel to the end lines from the middle of the side lines and should extend 15 cm beyond each side line.

Central circle

The central circle is marked in the center of the site and has a radius of 1.80 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle. If the center circle is painted a different color, it must be the same color as the restricted areas.

The free throw line is drawn parallel to each end line. Its far edge is 5.80 m from the inner edge of the end line, its length should be 3.60 m. Its middle should be on an imaginary line connecting the midpoints of the two end lines.

Restricted areas

Restricted areas are designated areas on the court bounded by the end lines, free throw lines and lines that start from the end lines. Their outer edges are 3 m from the middle of the end lines and end at the outer edge of the free throw lines. These lines, excluding the end lines, are part of the restricted area. The restricted areas may be painted a different color, but they must be the same color as the center circle.

Free throw areas

Free throw areas are limited areas extended towards the playing court in semicircles with a radius of 1.80 m, the centers of which are located in the middle of the free throw lines. The same semicircles should be drawn with dotted lines inside the limited areas.

The spaces along the free throw areas occupied by Players during free throws are marked as shown in the diagram.

The team's three-point field goal zone is the entire playing court, with the exception of the area near the opponent's basket, limited by: Two parallel lines starting from the baseline at a distance of 6.25 m from a point on the court, obtained at the intersection with it of a perpendicular drawn from the center of the opponent's basket . The distance from this point to the inner edge of the middle of the end line is 1.575 m. A semicircle with a radius of 6.25 m to the outer edge of its line centered at the same point as above, until it joins the parallel lines.

Shields must be made of an appropriate transparent material (preferably tempered safety glass), which is a monolithic piece. If they are made from other opaque material(s), they should be painted white.

The dimensions of the boards should be: 1.80 m horizontally and 1.05 m vertically.

All lines on the shield must be drawn as follows:

• white if the shield is transparent.
• black in all other cases.
• 5 cm wide.

The front surface of the shields must be smooth.

Shield marking

The boards must be rigidly mounted as follows:

• at both ends of the court at right angles to the floor, parallel to the end lines.
• the vertical center line on their face, extended down to the floor, shall touch a point on the floor lying 1.20 m from the inside edge of the middle of each face line, on an imaginary line drawn at right angles to that face line.

The shield supports should be designed as follows:

• any structure to which the shield is attached must be padded with soft material behind the shield along the bottom surface of the structure at a distance of 1.20 m from the front surface of the shield.
• The minimum thickness of the upholstery should be 5 cm. It should have the same density as the upholstery of the panels.
• all shield support structures must be completely upholstered with soft material to a height of at least 2.15 m along the surface from the site side. The minimum thickness of the upholstery should be 10 cm.

Baskets

Basketball baskets consist of hoops and nets.

Rings

The material is durable steel, internal diameter 45 cm and painted orange. The metal rod of the ring must have a minimum diameter of 16 mm and a maximum of 20 mm. The bottom of the ring should have provisions for securing the nets, such as to prevent finger injuries.

The mesh should be attached to the ring at twelve equally spaced points along the entire perimeter of the ring. Devices for attaching nets must not have sharp edges or crevices into which the Player’s fingers could get caught.

The ring is attached to the structure supporting the basket in such a way that no force applied to the ring is transmitted directly to the backboard. Therefore, there should be no direct contact between the ring and the device securing the ring to the shield and the shield. However, the gap should be small enough that fingers cannot get into it.

The top edge of each ring should be located horizontally at a height of 3.05 m above the surface of the site at an equal distance from the vertical edges of the shield. The closest point of the inside of the ring should be located at a distance of 15 cm from the front surface of the shield. You can use rings with shock absorbers.

Grids

Made of white cord and designed to momentarily hold the ball as it passes through the basket. The length of the mesh must be at least 40 cm and no more than 45 cm. Each mesh must have 12 loops for attaching to the ring.
The upper sections of the mesh must be sufficiently rigid to prevent:
The mesh wrapping around the ring and possibly getting tangled.
Getting the ball stuck in the net or being thrown back out of the basket by the net.

Basketball history

James Naismith and his GAME:

Dr. James Naysmith is known throughout the world as the inventor of basketball. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay, a town near Almonte, Ontario, Canada...

Basketball has come a long way since James Naismith. And today it is one of the most popular sports in the world, which would not have been possible without Dr. James Naismith, the founder of this magnificent game.

The concept of basketball originated in his school years, while playing “duck-on-a-rock”... The meaning of this popular game at that time was as follows: throwing one, not a large stone, it was necessary to hit the top with it another stone, larger in size.

After serving as Athletic Director at McGill University, Naismith moved to the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Already, as a physical education teacher and college professor in Springfield, James Naismith was faced with the problem of creating a game for the Massachusetts winter, the period between baseball and football competitions. Naismith believed that due to the weather at this time of year, the best solution would be to invent a game for indoors.

Naismith wanted to create an outdoor game for Christian Worker School students that involved more than just the use of force. He needed a game that could be played indoors in a relatively small space.

And so, in December 1891, James Naismith presented his unnamed invention to his gymnastics class at the Springfield YMCA.

First rules

In less than an hour, James Naismith, sitting at his desk in his office at the YMCA, formulated thirteen rules for playing basketball.

1. The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or two hands
2. The ball can be hit with one or two hands in any direction, but in no case with a fist
3. The player cannot run with the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point where he caught it, with the exception of a player running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held with one or two hands. Do not use your forearms or body to hold the ball.
5. In any case, hitting, grabbing, holding and pushing the opponent is not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be recorded as a foul (dirty play); a second foul will disqualify him until the next goal is scored and, if there was clear intent to injure the player, for the entire game. No substitution is allowed.
6. Hitting the ball with your fist is a violation of rules 2 and 4, the punishment is described in paragraph 5.
7. If one of the sides commits three fouls in a row, they must be recorded as a goal for the opponents (this means that the opponents must not commit a single foul during this time).
8. A goal is counted if the ball thrown or bounced off the floor hits the basket and remains there. Defensive players are not allowed to touch the ball or basket while shooting. If the ball touches the rim and the opponents move the basket, a goal is awarded.
9. If the ball goes into touch (out of bounds), then it must be thrown into the field by the first player who touched it. In case of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, the ball is given to the opponent. If either side tries to stall, the referee must give them a foul.
10. The referee must monitor the actions of the players and fouls, and also notify the referee about three fouls committed in a row. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under Law 5.
11. The referee must watch the ball and determine when the ball is in play (in bounds) and when it goes out of bounds (out of bounds), which side should have possession of the ball, and also control the clock. He must determine whether a target is hit, keep a record of goals scored, and perform any other actions that are normally performed by a referee.
12. The game consists of two halves of 15 minutes each with a five-minute break between them.
13. The side that scores more goals in this period of time is the winner.

The first game

The first game was played with a soccer ball, and instead of hoops, Naismith attached two simple baskets to the balcony railings on either side of the gymnasium, and to top it all off, posted on the notice board a list of thirteen rules that were to govern this new game...
But soon after the first game, the sheet with the rules disappeared...
And, a few days later, one of Naismith's students, Frank Mahon, confessed to the "crime" ...

“I took them,” Mahon told his teacher. "I knew that this game would be a great success and I took them as a souvenir. But now I think they should belong to you..."

Over time, basketball has changed. At first it was a game of patience and strategy. Most of the early games had scores that never exceeded 15 or 20 points. Naismith closely followed the development of sports, represented in many nations by the YMCA movement, as early as 1893. Basketball was first introduced to the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. At the height of the game, Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, despite the fact that it was already named after him.

Followers of Naismith

In 1893, the Frenchman Mel Ridoux, after completing a physical education course at Springfield College, returned to his homeland, where he introduced his compatriots to the basic principles of the game of basketball. On the building where the first basketball matches in Europe were held, a memorial was erected in memory of this event. In 1894, Bob Gailey introduced the new game to the people of China, and Duncan Patton began coaching the first team in India that same year. In September 1927, a physical education school was opened in Geneva, with Dr. Elmer Berry, a teacher at Springfield College, appointed director. Thanks to the graduates of this school, basketball became widespread in Latvia, Lithuania, Italy, France, and Czechoslovakia.

Basketball associations were created in a number of countries, but organizational disunity hampered international contacts and hampered the further development of basketball. On June 18, 1932, the first international conference of national basketball associations took place in Geneva. The meeting decided to create the International Federation of Basketball Associations (FIBA). In 1989, at the FIBA ​​Congress in Munich, a historic decision was made on the participation of professional basketball players in all competitions, including the Olympic Games.

History of basketball championships

The decision to hold the men's world championships was made at the FIBA ​​Congress during the 1948 Olympics in London. The first World Basketball Championship took place in 1950 in Buenos Aires (Argentina). 10 teams took part in the championship. The first world champion was the Argentine team, defeating the 1948 Olympic champion USA. Subsequently, the US team became world champion four times (1954, 1986, 1994, 1998); USSR national team - three times (1967, 1974 and 1982); Yugoslavia team also three times (1970, 1978 and 1990). The Brazilian team became the world champion twice (1959 and 1963).

At the FIBA ​​Congress in Helsinki in 1952 (during the Olympic Games), it was decided to hold the Women's World Championships. The first championship took place in 1953 in Santiago (Chile), and the first champions were American basketball players. The US team won the title of world champions 5 more times (1957, 1979, 1986, 1990, 1999). The USSR national team held the honorary title the same number of times (1959, 1964, 1967, 1971, 1975 and 1983).

The first European Championships for men took place in 1935 in Geneva. Latvian basketball players won. In 1937 and 1939, Lithuanian basketball players became champions. Most of all, USSR athletes held the honorary title - 14 times (1947, 1951-53, 1957-71, 1979-81 and 1985). The Yugoslav national team is a seven-time European champion (1973-77, 1989-91 and 1995-97).

The first European Women's Championship was held in Rome in 1938, which was won by Italian basketball players. The USSR national team became the European champion 21 times (1950-56, 1960-91).

Asian Championships have been held: for men - since 1960, for women - since 1965. On the men's side, the Chinese team was a nine-time champion (1965-68, 1972-74, 1978-84 and 1988), while the Philippines team was a five-time Asian champion (1960, 1963, 1967, 1973 and 1986). The Japanese team won twice (1965, 1967). For women, South Korea is a nine-time Asian champion (1965-68, 1972-74, 1978-84 and 1988), and the PRC team was the champion four times (1976, 1986, 1990-92 and 1995).

The first African Championship was held in Cairo in 1962. The basketball players of the UAR (United Arab Republic) won gold medals. The UAR team was first four more times - twice as the UAR team (1964 and 1970) and twice as the Egyptian team (1975 and 1983). The Senegalese national team is a four-time African champion (1968, 1972, 1978-80). The basketball players of the Central African Republic were first twice (in 1974 and 1987), the Angola team won first place three times in a row (1989, 1992 and 1993). The Ivory Coast team was twice African champion (1981 and 1985). The African Women's Championships have been held since 1966. In the first two years, basketball players from the United Arab Emirates (1966 and 1968) were champions; basketball players from Senegal became champions of Africa seven times (1974-81, 1984 and 1990-93), and athletes from Zaire twice (1983 and 1986).

The South American Championships began to be held even before the formation of FIBA. The first champion in 1930 were basketball players from Uruguay, who became first eight more times (1932, 1940, 1947-53, 1969, 1981 and 1995). In addition, the Uruguay team received gold medals in 1955 together with the Paraguay team. The Brazilian team won the championship title thirteen times (1939, 1945, 1958-63, 1968, 1971-73, 1977, 1983-85 and 1989); Argentina is a nine-time champion (1934-35, 1941-43, 1966, 1976, 1979 and 1987). Women's championships have been held since 1946. Chilean basketball players became champions four times (1946, 1950, 1956 and 1960). The record holders are Brazilian basketball players - fourteen-time champions (1939, 1958, 1965-74, 1978-81, 1986-91 and 1995). Paraguayan basketball players were first twice (1952 and 1962).

Olympic recognition

Basketball's Olympic debut took place at the XI Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. Men's teams from 21 countries took part in the tournament. The competitions took place in open areas; all subsequent Olympic tournaments were held indoors. The US team became the first Olympic champion. The Americans became Olympic champions 11 more times (in 1980, in the absence of the US team, the Yugoslav team won Olympic gold). In Sydney (2000), the American Dream Team was again first. The USSR national team became Olympic champions twice - in 1972 and 1988.

Women's basketball made its Olympic debut in 1976 in Montreal. Six teams participated in the tournament. The first Olympic champions were the basketball players of the USSR national team, who became champions twice more, and American basketball players won gold medals four times (1984, 1988, 1996, 2000).

The emergence of basketball

Thanks to archaeological excavations in Mexico, a ball court (10th century BC) 147 m long was opened. Massive stands for spectators were located at a height of 8-8.5 m. The game was called "Pok-Ta-Pok" and was played with a cast rubber ball the size of a human head. Players could only be in their own half of the field, without crossing the line that divided the court in half. Two large stone rings were built into the walls of the stands, on the same line, opposite each other. The goal of the game is to score the ball into the hoop. You could hit the ball with your elbow or knee, or with a bat. The winner was the team that managed to get into the hoop (its diameter was an insignificant amount smaller than the ball). During excavations, a bas-relief was discovered depicting the beheaded captain of the defeated team.

In the 16th century, the Aztecs played a similar game using a rubber ball and a stone ring. If the ball hit the hoop, the player received clothes from the audience as a reward. In 1979, Mexico's postal authority issued a stamp called "Aztec Game," which featured a stone ring with basketballs, volleyballs, soccer balls, and baseballs lined up in a hole.

Professional basketball

Club basketball in Europe

Among the numerous cup competitions for the strongest European clubs, there are several popular tournaments: the European Champions Cup (established by FIBA ​​in 1959), held among men's and women's teams; Radivoje Korac Cup (since 1972, in memory of the outstanding Yugoslav basketball player) among men's teams; Lilian Ronchetti Cup (since 1975, in memory of the famous Italian basketball player) among women's teams. Since the early 1990s, the Euroleague has been held instead of the European Cup for men's teams.

Basketball as an art, or the Harlem Globetrotters

Founded in 1926 in Chicago by E. Saperstein, the Harlem Globetrotters, a team of black athletes, began performing in gala performances in 1929. In the 1950s she gained worldwide fame. She toured in 90 countries, including three times in Russia (1959, 1989, 1997). Possessing phenomenal skill in dribbling (driving the ball), the art of passing, and shooting accuracy, the team players contribute to the development of the popularity of basketball throughout the world. The team always has a comedian player (in the late 1990s this was Matthew Jackson), who conducts a dialogue with the viewer and amuses the audience. In the mid-1980s, for the first time, a woman competed on the team (L. Woodard). On average, the team gives 175 performance games per season, and also participates in popular television shows for children “Sesame Street”, “Popcorn Machine”, etc.

Professional basketball

The first game of professional teams took place in the USA in 1896, the first League was formed in 1898. The American Basketball League was created in 1925, and the National Basketball League in 1937. One of the most famous teams of the 1930s, the New York Renaissance, which included black players, won 2,318 games and lost 381 games over 22 seasons. In 1961 the American Basketball League (8 teams) was created, and in 1967 the American Basketball Association (11 teams). After their unification in 1976, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was founded. The strongest clubs in NBA history are the Milwaukee Bucks, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers, Houston Rockets, Detroit Pistols, etc.

The best players in the history of professional basketball

Karim Abdul

Larry Bird

Johnson Magic

Modern stars

Shaquille O'Neal

Among the first domestic basketball players to debut in the NBA in the early 1990s were Alexander Volkov (Atlanta Hawks) and Lithuanian basketball stars Sarunas Marciulionis (Golden State) and Arvydas Sabonis (Portland Blazers).

Stages of basketball development

• The first stage of the development of basketball (1891-1918) is characterized by its formation.
• At the second stage (1919-1931), national basketball federations began to be created. Basketball began to be widely cultivated in European countries.
• The third stage (1932-1947) was marked by the creation of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and a sharp increase in sportsmanship.

FIBA, created on June 18, 1932, initially included 8 countries: Argentina, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia.

Basketball was first included in the Olympic Games program in 1936.

In 1948 50 countries were already members of FIBA. With the development of world basketball, the technology and tactics of the game developed and enriched.

Improving the rules

The further development of the game led to the improvement of the rules. So, in 1893 iron rings with a net appeared for the first time, the next year the circumference of the ball was increased to 76.2-81.3 cm.

In 1895 free throws were introduced from a distance of 5m 25cm. Dribbling the ball in all its variants was legalized in 1986.

Soon after its introduction, basketball gained great popularity in the United States. Somewhat later with

They became acquainted with basketball in a number of other countries, and then the game spread throughout the world. In 1894 In the USA, the first official rules of the game were published, according to which competitions began to be held. From the USA, basketball first to the countries of the East - to Japan, China, the Philippines, and then to the countries of Europe and South America.

Official Basketball Rules 2004.

The "Official Rules of Basketball 2004" were developed by the FIBA ​​World Technical Commission:

Members of the Commission

• President of the Commission - Suurkask Valdu (Estonia)
• Gaze Lindsay (Australia)
• Davydov Mikhail (Russia)
• Douvis Stavros (Greece)
• Ivkovic Dusan (Serbia and Montenegro)
• Valentin Lazarov (Bulgaria)
• Nichols Henk (USA)
• Fred Horgan (Canada)

The “Official Basketball Rules 2004” were approved at a meeting of the FIBA ​​Central Bureau in Paris (France) on June 12, 2004.

• FIBA President - Men-Koo Chin Karl (Hong Kong)
• FIBA Secretary General - Patrick Baumann (Switzerland)
• FIBA Honorary General Secretary - Borislav Stankovic (Serbia and Montenegro)
• The 2004 Official Basketball Rules are effective September 1, 2004.

Basketball rules

RULE ONE - GAME

Art. 1 Definitions
1.1 Playing basketball
Basketball is played by two (2) teams, each with five (5) players.
The goal of each team is to throw the ball into the opponents' basket and prevent the other team from throwing it into the basket.
The game is run by the referees, table judges and commissioner.
1.2 Baskets: own/opponents
The basket that a team attacks is called the opponents' basket, and the basket that a team defends is called the team's own basket.
1.3 Game winner
The winner is the team that, at the end of playing time, has scored the most points.

RULE TWO - SITE AND EQUIPMENT

Art. 2 Venue
2.1 Playground

Must be a flat, solid surface without any obstructions, measuring 28 meters in length and 15 meters in width, measured from the inside edges of the boundary line. National Federations have the right to approve existing playing fields for their competitions with minimum dimensions of 26 meters in length and 14 meters in width.

2.2 Lines
All lines must be painted in the same color (preferably white), five (5) cm wide and clearly visible.
2.2.1 Boundary line
The playing court must be marked with a boundary line consisting of front lines (along the short sides of the court) and side lines (along the long sides of the court). These lines are not part of the playing court.
Any obstructions, including persons sitting on the team bench, must be kept at least two (2) meters from the playing court.
2.2.2 Center line, center circle and semicircles
The center line is drawn parallel to the front lines from the middle of the side lines. It should extend fifteen (15) cm beyond each side line.
The central circle is marked in the center of the playing area and has a radius of 1.80 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle. If the center circle is colored, it should be the same color as the enclosed areas.
Semicircles with radii of 1.80 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle, are drawn on the playing court, the centers of which are located in the middle of the free throw lines.
2.2.3 Free throw lines and restricted areas
The free throw line is drawn parallel to each end line. Its far edge is 5.80 m from the inner edge of the end line, its length should be 3.60 m. Its middle should be on an imaginary line connecting the midpoints of the two end lines.
Restricted areas are designated areas on the playing court bounded by the end lines, free throw lines and lines that start from the end lines. Their outer edges are three (3) meters from the center of the end lines and end at the outer edge of the free throw lines. These lines, with the exception of the end lines, are parts of the restricted area. Bounded areas can be painted, but they must be the same color as the center circle.
Rebound areas along the restricted areas designated for players during free throws are marked.
2.2.4 Three-point shooting zone
The three-point field goal zone for a team is the entire playing court, with the exception of the area near the opponents' basket, which is limited and includes:
– Two parallel lines drawn from the end line and perpendicular to it, the far edges of which are at a distance of 6.25 m from a point on the court obtained by the intersection of a perpendicular with it, drawn from the center of the opponents' basket. The distance from this point to the inner edge of the middle of the end line is 1.575 m.
– A semi-circle with a radius of 6.25 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle from the center (which is at the same point as above) to the intersection with the parallel lines.
2.2.5 Team bench areas
Team bench areas must be designated outside the court on the same side as the scorer's table and team benches.
Each zone shall be bounded by a line of at least two (2) meters in length extending from the end line and another line of at least two (2) meters in length drawn five (5) meters from the center line at right angles to the touchline.
There must be fourteen (14) seats in the team bench area for coaches, substitutes and team followers. Any other persons must be at least two (2) meters behind the team bench.
The three-point line is not part of the three-point shooting area
2.3 Position of the scorer's table and chairs for replacement
The secretary's table and its chairs should be located on a raised platform. The announcer and/or scorekeepers (if present) may sit to the side and/or behind the scorer's table.
Art. 3 Equipment
The following equipment is required:
– Panel structures consisting of:

Baskets, including rings (with shock absorbers) and nets
. Supports supporting the panels, including upholstery
– Basketballs
– Game clock
– Scoreboard
– Twenty-four second device
– Stopwatch or other suitable (visible) device (not game clock) for timing time-outs
– Two (2) self-contained, distinct, loud beeps
– Protocol
– Player foul indicators
– Team foul indicators
– Alternate ownership indicator
– Playing surface
- Playground
– Sufficient lighting

RULE THREE - TEAMS

Art. 4 Teams
4.1 Definition
4.1.1 A team member is eligible to play when he has been cleared to play for the team in accordance with the regulations of the competition organization (including age restrictions).
4.1.2 A team member is eligible to play as long as his name is entered on the score sheet before the start of the game and until he is disqualified or commits five (5) fouls.
4.1.3 During playing time, a team member is:
– A player when he is on the playing court and has the right to play.
– A substitute when he is not on the playing court but has the right to play.
– By an ejected player when he has committed five (5) fouls and is no longer eligible to play.
4.1.4 During a break in play, all team members eligible to play are considered players.
4.2 Rule
4.2.1 Each team must consist of:
– No more than twelve (12) team members eligible to play, including the captain.
– Coach and, at the request of the team, assistant coach.
– No more than five (5) accompanying team who may sit on the bench performing special duties such as manager, doctor, massage therapist, statistician, translator, etc.
4.2.2 Five (5) players from each team must be on the court during playing time and may be replaced.
4.2.3 A substitute becomes a player and a player becomes a substitute when:
– The referee gestures for the substitute to enter the playing court.
– During a requested time-out or break in play, the substitute requests a substitution from the scorer.
4.3 Game uniform
4.3.1 The playing uniform of team members must consist of:
– T-shirt of the same dominant color both front and back. All players must tuck their jerseys into their playing shorts. Tight stretch jumpsuits are also permitted.
– Half-sleeve T-shirts, which, regardless of style, cannot be worn under T-shirts unless there is written medical permission. If such permission is granted, the half-sleeve jersey must be the same dominant color as the jersey.
– Shorts are of the same dominant color both front and back, but not necessarily the same color as the jerseys.
– Underwear that extends beyond the shorts and can be worn provided it is the same dominant color as the shorts.
4.3.2 Each team member must have a clearly visible jersey number on the front and back of a solid color that contrasts with the color of the jersey.
The numbers must be clearly visible and:
– The numbers on the back must be at least twenty (20) cm high.
– The numbers on the chest must be at least ten (10) cm high.
– The width of the numbers must be at least two (2) cm.
– Teams must use numbers from four (4) to fifteen (15). National Federations have the right to approve for their competitions any other numbers consisting of no more than two (2) digits.
– Players of the same team should not have the same numbers.
– Any advertising lettering or logos must be at least five (5) cm from the numbers.
4.3.3 Teams must have at least two sets of jerseys and:
– The team listed first in the program (host team) must wear light-colored (preferably white) jerseys.
– The second team indicated in the program (the visiting team) must wear dark jerseys.
“However, if both teams agree, they can switch jersey colors.
4.4 Other equipment
4.4.1 All equipment used by players must be intended for the game. Any equipment that is designed to increase a player's height, stretch, or otherwise provide an unfair advantage is not permitted.
4.4.2 Players must not wear equipment (items) that could cause injury to other players.
– The following is not permitted:
. Protective coverings for the fingers, hands, wrists, elbows or forearms made of leather, plastic, flexible (soft) plastic, metal or any other hard material, even covered with upholstery.
. Items that can cut or scratch (nails should be trimmed short).
. Hats, barrettes and other hair items and jewelry.
– The following is permitted:
. Protective equipment for the shoulder, forearm, thigh or part of the leg below the knee, made of a sufficiently soft material.
. Knee pads, if properly covered.
. A protective device for an injured nose, even if it is made of hard material.
. Points if they do not pose a danger to other players.
. Headbands no more than five (5) cm wide, made of non-abrasive, plain fabric, soft plastic or rubber.
4.4.3 Any other equipment not specifically specified in this article must be approved by the FIBA ​​Technical Commission.
Art. 5 Players: injuries
5.1 In case of injury to a player(s), the referees may stop the game.
5.2 If the ball is live at the time the injury occurs, the official shall not blow the whistle until the team in control of the ball has attempted a field goal, lost control of the ball, put the ball out of play, or the ball is dead. If it is necessary to protect an injured player, the referees may stop the game immediately.
5.3 If an injured player cannot continue to play immediately (within approximately 15 seconds) or receives medical attention, he must be replaced or the team must continue the game with fewer than five (5) players.
5.4 Coaches, assistant coaches, substitutes and accompanying teams may enter the playing court with the permission of the referee to assist an injured player before he is replaced.
5.5 A doctor may enter the playing court without the permission of the referee if, in the opinion of the doctor, the injured player requires immediate medical attention.
5.6 During the game, any player who is bleeding or has an open wound must be replaced. He can return to the site only after the bleeding has stopped and the injured area or open wound has been completely and securely closed.
If an injured player, or any player who is bleeding or has an open wound, recovers during a requested timeout called by either team during the same clock stop period, that player may continue to play.
5.7 If free throws are awarded to an injured player, they must be attempted by his replacement, who cannot be replaced until he plays in the next phase of the game clock.
5.8 Players who have been designated by the coach for the starting lineup may be replaced in case of injury. In this case, the opposing team also has the right to replace the same number of players if they wish.
Art. 6 Captain: duties and rights
6.1 The captain is a player who is the representative of his team on the court. He may contact the officials in a polite manner during the game to obtain the necessary information, but only while the ball is dead and the game clock has been stopped.
6.2 The captain may act as a coach.
6.3 The captain must, at the end of the game, immediately inform the chief referee if his team files a protest against the result of the game, and sign the protocol in the column ‘Captain’s signature in case of protest’.
Art. 7 Coaches: responsibilities and rights
7.1 No later than twenty (20) minutes before the start time of the game indicated in the schedule, each coach or his representative must submit to the secretary a list with the names and corresponding numbers of team members who are allowed to participate in the game, as well as the names of the team captain, coach and assistant coach. All team members whose names are included in the protocol have the right to play, even if they appear in the playing hall after the start of the game.
7.2 No later than ten (10) minutes before the start of the game, both coaches must confirm their agreement with the names and corresponding numbers of the members of their teams and the names of the coaches by signing the protocol. At the same time, they must nominate five (5) players who will start the game. The coach of Team A is the first to provide this information.
7.3 Coaches and assistant coaches (and substitutes and team followers) are the only persons permitted to enter and remain within their team's bench area except as otherwise provided in these Rules.
7.4 The coach and assistant coach may approach the scorer's table during the game to obtain statistical information only while the ball is dead and the game clock is stopped.
7.5 Only the coach is allowed to stand during the game. The coach may address players verbally during the game as long as he remains within his team's bench area.
7.6 If the team has an assistant coach, his name must be included in the score sheet before the start of the game (his signature is not required on the score sheet). He shall act as coach if for any reason the coach is unable to continue to perform them himself.
7.7 When the captain leaves the playing court, the coach must inform the referee of the number of the player who will serve as captain on the court.
7.8 The captain must act as coach if the coach is absent or cannot continue to perform his duties and there is no assistant coach listed on the score sheet (or he cannot continue to perform his duties). If the captain must leave the playing court, he may continue to act as coach. However, if he must leave the court as a result of a disqualifying foul or is unable to act as coach due to injury, the player who replaces him as captain may also replace him as coach.
7.9 The coach must designate the player taking the free throws in all cases where such a player is not designated by the Rules.

RULE FOUR - GAME REGULATIONS

Art. 8 Playing time, tied scores and extra periods
8.1 The game consists of four (4) periods of ten (10) minutes.
8.2 The duration of breaks in play between the first and second periods (first half), the third and fourth periods (second half) and before each extra period is two (2) minutes.
8.3 The duration of the break between halves of the game is fifteen (15) minutes.
8.4 The duration of the break before the start time of the game indicated in the schedule is twenty (20) minutes.
8.5 The break in the game begins: – Twenty (20) minutes before the scheduled start time of the game. – When the game clock signal sounds to indicate the end of the period.
8.6 An interruption in play ends: – At the beginning of the first period, when the ball is legally tapped by one of the contestants during a jump ball. – At the beginning of all other periods when the ball touches a player on the court or the ball is legally touched by a player on the court after a throw-in.
8.7 If the score is tied at the end of playing time in the fourth period, the game will be extended for as many additional five (5) minute periods as necessary to break the balance.
8.8 If a foul is committed at the same time as or immediately before the game clock signal sounds to end playing time, any potential free throw(s) shall be attempted ) after the end of playing time.
8.9 If an extra period is required as a result of the penalty shot(s), then all fouls committed after the end of playing time shall be treated as having occurred during the break in play and the penalty(s) The throw(s) must be completed before the start of the extra period.
Art. 9 Start and end of a period or game
9.1 The first period begins when the ball is legally tapped by one of the jumpers during a jump ball.
9.2 All other periods begin when the ball touches a player on the court or the ball is legally touched by a player on the court following a throw-in.
9.3 The game cannot begin unless one team has five (5) players on the court ready to play.
9.4 In all games, the team listed first in the program (the home team) is assigned a bench and its own basket to the left of the scorer's table, facing the playing court. However, if both teams agree, they may exchange benches and/or baskets.
9.5 Before the first and third periods, teams have the right to warm up on the half of the court where the opponents’ basket is located.
9.6 Teams must exchange baskets before the second half.
9.7 In all additional periods, teams continue to attack the same baskets as in the fourth period.
9.8 A period, extra period or game ends when the game clock signal sounds to indicate the end of playing time.
Art. 10 Ball status
10.1 The ball may be live or dead.
10.2 The ball becomes live when: – During a jump ball, the ball is correctly hit by one of the jumping players. – During a free throw, the ball is in the possession of the player taking the free throw. – During a throw-in, the ball is in the possession of the player taking the throw-in.
10.3 The ball becomes dead when: – Any goal is scored as a field goal or a free throw. – The referee blows the whistle at the moment when the ball is live. – Obviously, the ball will not go into the basket on a free throw followed by: . Other free throw(s). . Further penalty (free throw(s) and/or throw-in). – The game clock signal sounds to indicate the end of the period. – The device signal sounds for twenty-four seconds at the moment when one of the teams controls the ball. – The ball, which is in flight during a shot for a field goal, is touched by a player of either team after: . The referee blew the whistle. . The game clock signal sounded indicating the end of the period. . The device beeped for twenty-four seconds.
10.4 The ball does not become dead and a shot for a field goal, if successful, is valid when: – The ball is in flight at the shot for a field goal and: . The referee blows his whistle. . The game clock signal sounds to indicate the end of the period. . The device beeps for twenty-four seconds. – The ball is in flight on a free throw when the referee blows the whistle for any violation other than the player taking the free throw. – A player commits a foul on any opponent while the ball is in the control of an opponent who is in the process of shooting for a field goal and ends his shot with a continuous movement that began before the foul occurred.
This provision does not apply and the hit is not counted if, after the referee has blown the whistle: . The game clock signal sounds to indicate the end of the period. . The device beeps for twenty-four seconds. . A new throwing motion has been made.
Art. 11 Location of player and referee
11.1 The player’s location is determined by the place where he touches the floor. When a player is in the air after a jump, he maintains the same status as where he last touched the floor, including the boundary line, center line, three-point line, free throw line and restricted zone lines.
11.2 The location of the referee is determined in the same way as the location of the player. When the ball touches the referee, it means the same thing as touching the floor where the referee is.
Art. 12 Jump ball and alternating possession
12.1 Definition
12.1.1 A jump ball occurs when the referee tosses the ball in the center circle between any two players of the opposing teams at the beginning of the first period.
12.1.2 A held ball occurs when one or more players from each opposing team have one or both hands on the ball so tightly that neither player can gain control of it without excessive roughness.
12.2 Procedure
12.2.1 Each contesting player must position himself with both feet inside the half of the center circle closest to his own basket, with one foot close to the center line.
12.2.2 Players of the same team cannot occupy adjacent places around the circle if the opponent wishes to occupy one of these places.
12.2.3 The referee must then throw the ball vertically upward between two players of the opposing teams to a height greater than either of them can reach in a jump.
12.2.4 The ball must be hit with the hand(s) of one or both players after it reaches its highest point.
12.2.5 Neither player must leave his position until the ball has been correctly hit.
12.2.6 None of the contesting players may catch or hit the ball more than twice until it touches one of the eight non-jumping players or the floor.
12.2.7 If the ball is not tapped by at least one of the contested players, the jump ball must be retaken.
12.2.8 No part of the body of players not taking part in the jump ball may be on or across the line of the circle (cylinder) until the ball is returned.
Non-compliance with Art. 12.2.1, 12.2.4, 12.2.5, 12.2.6 and 12.2.8 is a violation.
12.3 Jump ball situations A jump ball situation occurs when: – A held ball is called. – The ball goes out of bounds and the referees doubt or disagree about which opponent touched the ball last. – A double free throw violation occurs during a failed last or only free throw. – A live ball gets stuck on the rim support (but not between free throws). – The ball becomes dead the moment neither team has control of the ball or is entitled to possession of the ball. – After equal penalties have been awarded against both teams, there are no other penalties remaining to be taken and neither team was in control of the ball or had possession of the ball before the first foul or infraction. – All periods begin, except the first.
12.4 Alternating possession
12.4.1 Alternating possession is a way of causing the ball to become live as a result of a throw-in instead of a jump ball.
12.4.2 In all jump ball situations, teams alternate in possession of the ball for an out-of-bounds throw-in at the position closest to where the jump ball situation occurs.
12.4.3 A team that does not gain control of a live ball on the court after a jump ball at the beginning of the first period will begin the alternating possession process.
12.4.4 The team entitled to the next alternating possession at the end of the period begins the next period with a throw-in at the center line extended opposite the scorer's table.
12.4.5 Alternating Possession: – Begins when the ball is in the possession of the player taking the throw-in. – Ends when: . The ball touches a player on the court or the ball is legally touched by a player on the court. . The team taking the throw-in commits a violation. . A live ball gets stuck on the ring support during a throw-in.
12.4.6 The team entitled to a throw-in as a result of an alternating possession process shall be indicated by an alternating possession arrow pointing towards the opponents' basket. The direction of the arrow changes immediately after the face-off ends as a result of the alternating possession process.
12.4.7 A violation committed by a team during its alternating possession throw-in causes that team to forfeit the alternating possession throw-in. The direction of the alternating possession arrow immediately changes to indicate that the opponents of the offending team will be entitled to a throw-in as a result of the alternating possession process on the next jump ball situation. The game shall then be resumed by awarding the ball to the opponents of the offending team for a throw-in as after a normal violation (i.e. not a throw-in as a result of an alternating possession process).
12.4.8 A foul committed by either team: – before the start of any period other than the first period, or – during an alternating possession throw-in, does not cause the team taking the throw-in to forfeit the right to receive the alternating possession throw-in. If such a foul occurs on a throw-in at the beginning of the period after the ball has been released to the thrower but before it has touched a player on the court, then the foul is considered to have occurred during playing time and is penalized accordingly.
Art. 13 How to play with a ball
13.1 Definition The ball is played with the hands only and may be passed, thrown, bounced, rolled or dribbled in any direction, subject to the restrictions set forth in these Rules.
13.2 Rule
13.2.1 It is an offense to run with the ball, deliberately kick it, block it with any part of the foot, or hit the ball with your fist. However, accidental contact or touching of the ball with any part of the foot is not a violation.
13.2.2 Reaching your hand into the basket from below and touching the ball when passing or rebounding is a violation.
Art. 14 Ball control
14.1 Team control begins when a player of that team is in control of a live ball, i.e. he holds or dribbles it or the live ball is in his possession.
14.2 Team control continues when: – A player of that team is in control of a live ball. – Players of one team pass the ball to each other.
14.3 Team control ends when: – The opponent gains control of the ball. – The ball becomes dead. – The ball leaves the hand(s) of the player attempting a field goal or free throw.
Art. 15 Player in the process of throwing
15.1 A shot for a field goal or free throw occurs when the ball held in a player's hand(s) is then sent through the air towards the opponents' basket. A hit occurs when the ball is directed into the opponents' basket with one or both hands. A dunk occurs when the ball is thrown with one or both hands from top to bottom into the opponents' basket. Dunks and dunks are also considered field goals.
15.2 Shooting Process: - Begins when a player makes a continuous movement, usually preceding the release of the ball from his hands and, in the opinion of the referee, he has begun an attempt to throw the ball into the opponents' basket by throwing, finishing or dunking. – Ends when the ball leaves the player's hand(s) and, if the thrower is in the air, when both feet land on the floor. Sometimes the opponent holds the thrower's hands in such a way that he cannot release the ball from his hands. However, even then the player is considered to have attempted the throw. In this case, it does not matter whether the ball leaves the player's hand(s). There is no connection between the number of steps taken correctly and the throwing process.
15.3 Continuous Shooting Movement: – Begins when the ball is in the player's hand(s) and the throwing motion, usually upward, has begun. – May include arm(s) and/or body movement used by a player when attempting a field goal. – Ends if a new throwing movement is made.
Art. 16 Abandoned ball: when it is abandoned and its price
16.1 Definition
16.1.1 A ball is scored when a live ball enters the basket from above and remains in or passes through the basket.
16.1.2 The ball is considered to be inside the basket when even a small part of it is inside and below the level of the ring.
16.2 Rule
16.2.1 A scored goal will count towards the team attacking the basket into which it was scored as follows: – A free throw will count one (1) point. – A ball scored from inside the two-point shooting zone will count two (2) points. – A goal scored from the three-point range will count three (3) points. – If, after the ball has touched the ring on the last or only free throw, the ball is legally touched by an offensive player or defender before it enters the basket, two (2) points will be counted.
16.2.2 If a player accidentally scores a field goal into his own basket, two (2) points are awarded to the opposing team captain on the court.
16.2.3 If a player intentionally scores a field goal into his own basket, it is a violation and the shot will not count.
16.2.4 If a player causes the ball to pass completely through the basket from below, it is a violation.
Art. 17 Throw-in
17.1 Definition
17.1.1 A throw-in occurs when a player outside the court passes the ball into the court.
17.2 Procedure
17.2.1 The referee must pass the ball from hand to hand or place it on the floor where it is in the possession of the player taking the throw-in. He may also throw or bounce the ball provided that: – The referee is no more than four (4) meters away from the player who is to take the throw-in. – The player to take the throw-in is at the location designated by the referee.
17.2.2 The player must take the throw-in from the out-of-bounds position designated by the referee nearest to where the infraction occurred or play was stopped, other than immediately behind the backboard.
17.2.3 At the beginning of all periods other than the first, or after a free throw(s) have been made as a result of a technical, unsportsmanlike or disqualifying foul, a throw-in shall be administered from out of bounds at the center line extended, opposite the scorer's table, regardless of whether the last or only free throw was successful. The player must place his feet on either side of the extended center line and has the right to pass the ball to a partner located anywhere on the playing court.
17.2.4 Following a personal foul committed by a player of the team in control of the live ball or entitled to a throw-in, the subsequent throw-in shall be taken from the place nearest to where the infraction occurred.
17.2.5 Whenever the ball enters the basket but the shot for a field goal or free throw does not count, the subsequent throw-in shall be administered from out of bounds opposite the free throw line.
17.2.6 After a successful field goal or successful last or only free throw: – Any player of the team whose basket the ball was scored must take a throw-in from anywhere behind the end line where the ball was scored. – This provision also applies after the official hands the ball or places it on the floor where it is in the possession of the thrower after a called time-out or any stoppage of play following a successful field goal or successful free throw. – The player taking the throw-in may move sideways and/or backwards, and the ball may be passed to each other by teammates on or behind the end line, but the five (5) second count begins from the moment the ball is in the possession of the first player, located outside the site.
17.3 Rule
17.3.1 The player taking the throw-in must not: – Wait more than five (5) seconds before releasing the ball. – Step on the court while the ball is in his hand(s). – Cause the ball to touch the floor out of bounds after a throw-in. – Touch the ball on the court before it touches another player. – Forcing the ball into the basket immediately after the throw-in. – Move more than one (1) meter to the side or in more than one direction from the spot designated by the referee before releasing the ball. However, it is permitted to retreat directly back from the line as far as circumstances permit.
17.3.2 Other players must not: – Have any part of their body above the boundary line until the ball has been thrown over that line. – Be within one (1) meter of the player taking the throw-in when the out-of-bounds area free of obstructions at the place of the throw-in is less than two (2) meters from the boundary line. Non-compliance with Art. 17.3 is a violation.
17.4 Penalty The ball is awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in from the original throw-in location.
Art. 18 Requested timeout
18.1 Definition A called time-out is a stoppage of play at the request of a coach or assistant coach.
18.2 Rule
18.2.1 Each time-out requested shall last one (1) minute.
18.2.2 An opportunity to grant a time-out occurs when: – The ball becomes dead, the game clock is stopped and the referee has completed signaling to the scorer's table. – A field goal is scored into the basket of the team that requested the requested time-out.
18.2.3 The opportunity to grant a time-out ends when: – The ball is in the player’s possession for the first or only free throw. – The ball is in the possession of the player taking the throw-in.
18.2.4 Two (2) requested time-outs may be granted to each team at any time during the first half; three (3) at any time during the second half and one (1) at any time during each overtime period.
18.2.5 Unused requested time-outs may not be carried over to the next half or overtime period.
18.2.6 A time-out shall be charged to the team whose coach first requested it, unless the time-out is granted after a field goal by the opposing team and a foul has not been called.
18.3 Procedure
18.3.1 Only the coach or assistant coach has the right to ask for a requested time-out. He must make visual contact with the scorer or go to the scorer's table and clearly ask for a time-out by making the proper hand sign.
18.3.2 A request for the provision of a requested time-out can only be canceled until the Secretary's signal for its grant has sounded.
18.3.3 Time-out: – Begins when the referee blows his whistle and makes a gesture indicating a time-out. – Ends when the referee blows his whistle and invites the teams to return to the playing court.
18.3.4 As soon as a time-out becomes available, the scorer must give his signal and inform the referees that the requested time-out has been requested. In the event that a field goal is scored into the basket of the team that requested the requested time-out, the timekeeper must immediately stop the game clock and give his signal.
18.3.5 During a time-out (and during a break in play before the start of the second, fourth, or each extra period), players are permitted to leave the playing court and sit on the team bench, and persons authorized to be in the team bench area may leave onto the court, provided that they remain in close proximity to their team's bench area.
18.4 Limitations:
18.4.1 A requested time-out shall not be allowed between or after the free throw(s) caused by one (1) foul penalty until the ball becomes dead again after the clock phase of the game. . Exceptions: – A foul is called between free throws. In this case, free throws must be attempted and a time-out will be allowed before another foul is penalized. – A foul is called before the ball becomes live after the last or only free throw. In this case, the time-out is allowed before a new foul is penalized. – A violation is called before the ball becomes live after the last or only free throw. In this case, the time-out is allowed before the throw-in. In the event of consecutive series of free throws and/or possessions resulting from more than one (1) foul penalty, each series shall be judged separately.
18.4.2 A requested time-out shall not be allowed to the team that scores a field goal during the last two (2) minutes of the fourth period or the last two (2) minutes of each overtime period when the game clock stops, unless the official stops play.
Art. 19 Replacement
19.1 Definition A substitution is a stoppage of play at the request of a substitute.
19.2 Rule
19.2.1 A team may substitute player(s) when an opportunity for substitution arises.
19.2.2 An opportunity for substitution occurs when: – The ball becomes dead, the game clock is stopped and the referee has completed signaling to the scorer’s table. – A field goal is scored by the team requesting the substitution in the last two (2) minutes of the fourth period or in the last two (2) minutes of each extra period. 19.2.3 The opportunity for substitution ends when: – The ball is at the player’s disposal for the first or only free throw. – The ball is in the possession of the player taking the throw-in.
19.2.4 A player who has become a substitute and a substitute who has become a player may not respectively return to play or leave the game until the ball becomes dead again after the clocking phase of the game. Exceptions: – A team has less than five (5) players on the court. – The player involved in correcting the error is on the team bench after a correctly made substitution. – A player who has been injured, treated or bleeding is recovered during the time-out.
19.3 Procedure 19.3.1 Only the substitute has the right to request a replacement. He (not the coach or assistant coach) must go to the scorer's table and clearly request a substitution by making the appropriate hand sign or sitting in the substitution chair. He must be ready to play immediately.
19.3.2 A request for a substitution can only be canceled until the Secretary's signal for its grant has sounded.
19.3.3 As soon as a substitution becomes possible, the scorer must give his signal and inform the judges that a substitution has been requested.
19.3.4 A substitute who comes on as a substitute must remain behind the boundary line until the referee signals the substitution and motions for him to enter the playing court.
19.3.5 A player who has been substituted is allowed to go straight to his team's bench without informing the scorer or referee about the substitution.
19.3.6 Replacements must be made as quickly as possible. A player who commits a fifth foul or is disqualified must be replaced immediately (within approximately 30 seconds). If, in the opinion of the referee, there is an undue delay of play, a time-out shall be called on the offending team. If a team does not have any requested timeouts remaining, a technical foul (‘B’) may be assessed to the coach.
19.3.7 If a substitution is made during a requested time-out or during a break in play, the substitute must inform the scorer before entering the game.
19.3.8 The player taking the penalty throw(s) may be substituted provided that: – The request for substitution is made before the substitution opportunity for the first or only penalty shot has expired. – The ball becomes dead after the last or only free throw. If the player taking the free throw(s) is replaced after the ball has become dead on the last or only free throw, the opposing team may also substitute one player provided the request is made before the ball becomes live for making the last or only free throw.
19.3.9 The player taking the free throw(s) must be replaced when: – He is injured. - He committed his fifth foul. - He was disqualified.
19.4 Limitations:
19.4.1 No substitution is permitted between or after the free throw(s) caused by one (1) foul penalty until the ball becomes dead again after the clocking phase of the game. Exceptions: – A foul is called between free throws. In this case, free throws must be attempted and a substitution shall be permitted until a new foul is penalized. – A foul is called before the ball becomes live after the last or only free throw. In this case, a substitution is permitted before a new foul is penalized. – A violation is called before the ball becomes live after the last or only free throw. In this case, the substitution is permitted before the throw-in. In the event of consecutive series of free throws resulting from more than one (1) foul penalty, each series shall be judged separately.
19.4.2 No substitution shall be permitted to the team that scores a field goal in the last two (2) minutes of the fourth period or in the last two (2) minutes of each extra period when the game clock is stopped, unless the referee stops play or the team the basket of which the ball was scored, a replacement is provided.
Art. 20 Game lost by "deprivation of rights"
20.1 Rule A team loses a game by forfeit if: – Fifteen (15) minutes after the scheduled start time of the game, the team is absent or unable to field five (5) players ready to play. – With her actions she interferes with the game. – She refuses to play after the senior referee asked her to start the game.
20.2 Punishment
20.2.1 Victory is awarded to the opposing team with a score of twenty - zero (20:0). In addition, a team that loses a game by forfeit receives zero (0) points in the classification.
20.2.2 In a two-game series (home and away) and a best-of-two (2) playoff series, the team that loses the first, second or third game by forfeit shall lose the entire playoff series by forfeit. . This does not apply to best-of-three (3) playoff series.
Art. 21 Game lost "due to lack of players"
21.1 Rule A team loses a game "for want of players" if, during the game, the number of that team's players on the court ready to play is less than two (2).
21.2 Punishment
21.2.1 If the team to which the victory is awarded leads, the result at the time the game was stopped stands. If the team to which the victory is awarded does not lead, the result is two - zero (2:0) in its favor. The team that loses the game "due to lack of players" receives one (1) point in the classification.
21.2.2 In a two-game series (home and away), the team that loses the first or second game for lack of players loses the entire series for lack of players.

RULE FIVE - VIOLATIONS

Art. 22 Violations
22.1 Definition A violation is a failure to comply with the Rules.
22.2 Penalty The ball shall be awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in from the place nearest to where the violation occurred, except directly behind the backboard, unless otherwise provided in the Rules.
Art. 23 Player out of bounds and ball out of bounds
23.1 Definition
23.1.1 A player is out of bounds when any part of his body touches the floor or any object other than the player on, above or beyond the boundary line.
23.1.2 The ball is out of bounds when it touches: – A player or any other person who is out of bounds. – The floor or any object on, above or beyond the boundary line. – The support supporting the backboard, the back of the backboard or any object above the playing surface.
23.2 Rule
23.2.1 The ball causes the last player to touch the ball or the player touched by the ball before going out of bounds to go out of bounds, even if the ball then goes out of bounds after touching something other than the player.
23.2.2 If the ball goes out of bounds by touching or being touched by a player who is on or behind the boundary line, that player causes the ball to go out of bounds.
23.2.3 If a player(s) goes out of bounds or into their backcourt during a held ball, a jump ball situation occurs.
Art. 24 Dribbling the ball
24.1 Definition
24.1.1 A dribble begins when a player who has gained control of a live ball on the court throws, hits, rolls or hits the ball and touches the ball again before the ball touches another player. A dribble ends when a player touches the ball with both hands at the same time or allows the ball to be held in one or both hands. While dribbling, the ball may be thrown into the air provided that it touches the floor or another player before the player who threw the ball touches it with their hand again. There is no limit to the number of steps a player can take when the ball is not in contact with his hand.
24.1.2 A player who accidentally loses and then regains control of a live ball on the court is considered to have committed an accidental loss of ball.
24.1.3 The following actions are not dribbling: – Consecutive field goals. – Accidental loss of the ball at the beginning or end of the dribble. – Attempts to gain control of the ball by knocking it out of the area of ​​other players. – Knocking the ball out of the control of another player. – Interrupting the pass and gaining control of the ball. – Throwing the ball from hand to hand and holding it until it touches the floor, provided that the player does not make a run.
24.2 Rule A player must not dribble the ball a second time after his first dribble has ended, unless between the first and second dribble the player loses control of a live ball on the court due to: – A shot for a field goal. – Touching the ball by an opponent. – Passing or accidentally losing the ball which then touches or is touched by another player.
Art. 25 Jogging
25.1 Definition
25.1.1 Jogging is the prohibited movement of one or both feet in any direction while in control of a live ball on the court beyond the limits set forth in this article.
25.1.2 A turn is a legal movement in which the player holding a live ball on the court steps one or more times in any direction with the same foot while the other foot, called the pivot foot, maintains its point of contact with the floor.
25.2 Rule
25.2.1 Determination of the pivot foot for a player who catches a live ball on the court: – At the moment when both feet are on the floor: – At the moment one leg moves or lifts off the floor, the other leg becomes the pivot leg. – While moving or guiding: . If one leg touches the floor, then this leg becomes the supporting leg. . If both feet do not touch the floor and the player lands on both feet at the same time, then at the moment one foot moves or lifts off the floor, the other foot becomes the supporting leg. . If both feet do not touch the floor and the player lands on one foot, then that foot becomes the pivot foot. If a player jumps from that foot and comes to a stop landing on both feet at the same time, then neither foot is the pivot foot.
25.2.2 Movement with the ball for a player who has identified the supporting foot while controlling a live ball on the court: – At the moment when both feet are on the floor: . At the beginning of the dribble, the supporting leg cannot be moved or lifted off the floor until the ball is released from the hand(s). . When making a pass or a shot for a field goal, the player may jump off his supporting foot, but neither foot may touch the floor until the ball is released from his hand(s). – While moving or guiding: . At the beginning of the dribble, the supporting leg cannot be moved or lifted off the floor until the ball is released from the hand(s). . When making a pass or a shot for a field goal, a player may jump from his supporting foot and land on either foot or both feet simultaneously, but after that, neither foot, once again lifted off the floor, can touch the floor again until the ball is released from hand(s). – During a stop, when neither leg is the supporting leg: . At the start of the dribble, neither foot can be moved or lifted off the floor until the ball is released from the hand(s). . When making a pass or a shot for a field goal, one or both feet may be lifted off the floor, but may not touch the floor again until the ball is released from the hand(s).
25.2.3 A player falling, lying or sitting on the floor: – It is not an offense when a player falls to the floor while holding the ball or, while lying or sitting on the floor, gains control of the ball. – A violation occurs if the player then slides, rolls or tries to stand up with the ball in his hands.
Art. 26 Three seconds
26.1 Rule
26.1.1 A player must not remain in the opposing team's restricted area for more than three (3) consecutive seconds while his team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running.
26.1.2 An exception must be made to a player who: – Attempts to leave the restricted area. – Is in the restricted area when he or his teammate is in the act of shooting and the ball leaves or has already left the player's hand(s) when making a shot for a field goal. – Dribbles the ball in a restricted area for the purpose of attempting a field goal while being in the restricted area for less than three (3) seconds.
26.1.3 To be considered outside the restricted area, a player must place both feet on the floor outside the restricted area.
Art. 27 Tight player
27.1 Definition A player who has a live ball on the court is considered to be closely guarded when the opponent is in an active defensive stance no more than one (1) meter away.
27.2 Rule The heavily guarded player must pass, shoot or dribble the ball within five (5) seconds.
Art. 28 Eight seconds
28.1 Definition
28.1.1 A team’s backcourt includes the team’s own basket, the front of the backboard and that part of the court that is limited by the end line behind the team’s own basket, the sidelines and the center line.
28.1.2 A team's frontcourt includes the opponents' basket, the front of the backboard, and that portion of the court bounded by the end line behind the opponents' basket, the sidelines, and the inside edge of the center line closest to the opponents' basket.
28.1.3 The ball enters the team’s frontcourt when: – It touches the frontcourt. – It concerns a player or referee who has part of his body in contact with the frontcourt.
28.2 Rule
28.2.1 Whenever a player gains control of a live ball in his backcourt, his team must move the ball to its frontcourt within eight (8) seconds.
28.2.2 The eight (8) second count continues from the stoppage when the team previously in control of the ball is awarded a throw-in in the backcourt as a result of: – The ball going out of bounds. – Injuries to a player of the same team. – Jump ball situations. - Double foul. – Compensation for the same penalties against both teams.
Art. 29 Twenty-four seconds
29.1 Rule
29.1.1 Whenever a player gains control of a live ball on the court, his team must attempt a field goal within twenty-four (24) seconds. In order for a shot for a field goal to be considered completed within twenty-four (24) seconds: – The ball must leave the player's hand(s) before the twenty-four second device buzzer sounds and – After the ball has left the player's hand(s) , it must touch the ring or go into the basket.
29.1.2 When a shot for a field goal is taken immediately before the end of the 24-second period and the signal sounds while the ball is in the air: – If the ball enters the basket, no violation occurs, the signal is ignored and the shot counts. – If the ball touches the ring but does not enter the basket, no violation occurs, the signal is ignored and play continues. – If the ball touches the backboard (but not the ring) or misses the ring, a foul occurs, unless the opposing team gains immediate and obvious control of the ball, in which case the signal is ignored and play continues. All restrictions related to shot interference and throwing interference must be taken into account.
29.2 Procedure
29.2.1 If the twenty-four second device is reset in error, the referee may stop the game immediately provided that neither team is disadvantaged. The twenty-four second clock must be corrected and possession of the ball awarded to the team that previously controlled the ball.
29.2.2 If the referee stops play for any reason unrelated to either team, a new 24-second period and possession of the ball shall be awarded to the team that previously had control of the ball. However, if, in the opinion of the referees, the opposing team will be put at a disadvantage, the twenty-four second count must continue from the time of stoppage.
29.2.3 If the twenty-four second device signal sounds erroneously while either team is in control of the ball or neither team is in control of the ball, the signal is ignored and play continues. However, if, in the opinion of the referees, the team in control of the ball has been disadvantaged, play must be stopped, the twenty-four second clock must be corrected and the ball must be awarded to that team.
Art. 30 Ball returned to backcourt
30.1 Definition
30.1.1 The ball goes into a team’s backcourt when: – It touches the backcourt. – It concerns a player or referee who has part of his body in contact with the backcourt.
30.1.2 The ball is incorrectly returned to the backcourt when a player of the team in control of the live ball is: – The last to touch the ball in his own frontcourt, after which that player or his teammate is the first to touch the ball in the backcourt. – The last person to touch the ball in his backcourt, after which the ball touches the frontcourt, and then that player or his teammate touches the ball first in the backcourt. This restriction applies to all situations in a team's frontcourt, including face-offs.
30.2 Rule A player in control of a live ball may not illegally return it to his backcourt.
Art. 31 Interfering with the ball and throwing the ball
31.1 Definition
31.1.1 Shot for a field goal or free throw: – Begins when the ball leaves the hand(s) of the player in the act of shooting. – Ends when the ball: . Enters the basket directly from above and remains in or passes through it. . No longer has the ability to get into the basket. . Touches the ring. . Touches the floor. . Becomes dead.
31.2 Rule
31.2.1 Hitting interference on a shot for a field goal occurs when a player touches the ball while the ball is completely above the level of the hoop and: – On its downward trajectory towards the basket. – After hitting the shield.
31.2.2 Shot interference on a free throw occurs when a player touches the ball while the ball is in flight towards the basket and before it touches the ring.
31.2.3 The restrictions associated with goal interference cease to apply when: – The ball no longer has the opportunity to enter the basket when thrown. – The ball touches the ring.
31.2.4 Interference with a shot for a field goal occurs when: – A player touches the basket or backboard while the ball is in contact with the ring. – The player puts his hand into the basket from below and touches the ball. – A defender touches the ball or the basket while the ball is inside the basket and, in the opinion of the referee, this prevents the ball from entering the basket. – The defender causes the backboard or ring to vibrate in such a way that, in the opinion of the referee, it prevents the ball from entering the basket. – The offensive player causes the backboard or ring to vibrate in such a way that, in the opinion of the referee, the result is that the ball enters the basket.
31.2.5 Ball interference on a free throw occurs when: – A player touches the ball, basket or backboard while the ball remains in a position to enter the basket on a free throw followed by further free throw(s). s) throw(s). – The player puts his hand into the basket from below and touches the ball. – On the last or only free throw, and while the ball remains in a position to go into the basket after touching the ring, the defender causes the backboard or ring to vibrate in such a way that, in the opinion of the official, prevents the ball from entering the basket. – On the last or only free throw, and at the moment when the ball remains in a position to go into the basket after touching the ring, the offensive player causes the backboard or ring to vibrate in such a way that, in the opinion of the official, the result is that the ball goes into the basket.
31.2.6 While the ball is in flight for a shot for a field goal and after: – the official has blown his whistle, – the game clock signal has sounded to indicate the end of the period, no player shall touch the ball after it has touched the ring. , as long as the ball is still able to go into the basket. All restrictions related to shot interference and throwing interference must be taken into account.
31.3 Punishment
31.3.1 If the violation is committed by the attacker, no points will be counted. The ball must be awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in at the free throw line unless otherwise specified in the Rules.
31.3.2 If the violation is committed by a defender, the attacking team will be awarded: – One (1) point if the ball was shot from a free throw. – Two (2) points if the ball was released from the two-point shooting zone. – Three (3) points if the ball is fired from the three-point range. The scoring procedure is the same as if the ball hits the basket.

RULE SIX - FOULS

Art. 32 Fouls
32.1 Definition
32.1.1 During a game where ten (10) players are moving at high speed in a confined space, it is impossible to completely avoid personal contact.
32.1.2 A foul is a failure to comply with the Rules due to improper personal contact with an opponent and/or unsportsmanlike conduct.
32.1.3 Any number of fouls may be awarded to each team. Regardless of the penalty, each foul must be recorded, recorded on the score sheet for the offending person and penalized accordingly.
Art. 33 Contact: general principles
33.1 Cylinder Principle A cylinder refers to the space within an imaginary cylinder occupied by a player on the floor. It includes the space above the player and is limited: – In front by the player’s palms, – Behind by the buttocks and – On the sides by the outer surfaces of the arms and legs.
The arms can be placed in front of the body, but no further than the position of the legs, and they must be bent at the elbows so that the forearms and hands are raised vertically upward. The distance between your legs will vary depending on your height.
33.2 The principle of verticality During the game, each player has the right to occupy any position (cylinder) on the court not already occupied by an opponent. This principle protects the space on the floor that the player occupies, as well as the space above him when he jumps vertically into the air within that space. Once a player leaves his vertical position (cylinder) and contact occurs with the body of an opponent who has already taken up his own vertical position (cylinder), then the player who lost his vertical position (cylinder) is responsible for the contact. A defender should not be penalized for jumping vertically (within his top hat) or for raising his arms above him within his top hat. The attacker, whether on the floor or in the air, must not cause contact with a defender who is in the correct marking position: – Using his hands to create extra space for himself. – Extending your feet or hands to cause contact during or immediately after a shot for a field goal.
33.3 Correct marking position The defender is in the correct starting marking position when: – He is facing his opponent and – Both of his feet are on the floor. The correct marking position extends to the vertical space above the player (cylinder) from floor to ceiling. He can raise his arms above his head or jump vertically into the air, but must keep them upright inside an imaginary cylinder.
33.4 Marking the player in control of the ball When marking the player who controls (holds or dribbles) the ball, time and distance factors are not taken into account. The player with the ball must expect to be marked and be prepared to stop or change direction whenever an opponent takes the correct initial marking position in front of him, even if this is done in a split second. The marking player (defender) must take the correct starting position when marking without causing contact with the opponent's body before taking his position. Once a defender is in a correct marking position, he may move to mark his opponent, but he may not extend his arms, shoulders, hips or legs and thereby cause contact to prevent the dribbler from passing himself. When making a decision in a blocking/collision situation involving a player with the ball, the referee should be guided by the following principles: – The defender must take the correct starting position when marking, facing the player with the ball and with both feet on the floor. – The defender can remain stationary, jump vertically, move sideways or backwards in order to maintain the correct starting position when marking. – When moving to maintain the correct starting position when marking, one or both feet may be momentarily lifted off the floor, but the movement must be made to the side or back, and not towards the player with the ball. – If contact occurs with the body, the defender must be considered to have been the first to make contact. – Once in the correct guarding position, the defender can turn within his cylinder to soften the blow or avoid injury. If the above principles are followed, a foul must be called on the player with the ball.
33.5 Guarding a player not in control of the ball A player who is not in control of the ball has the right to move freely around the court and occupy any position not already occupied by another player. When marking a player who is not in control of the ball, time and distance factors must be taken into account. A defender cannot position himself so close and/or so quickly in the path of a moving opponent that the latter does not have sufficient time or distance to either stop or change the direction of his movement. This distance is directly proportional to the speed of the opponent's movement, but it must never be less than one (1) nor more than two (2) normal steps. If a defender ignores the factors of time and distance, taking his correct starting position when marking, and contact occurs with the body of an opponent, he is responsible for that contact. Once the defender is in the correct marking position, he can move to mark his opponent. He must not prevent a player from passing himself by putting his arms, shoulders, hips or legs in his way. He may turn or place his arm(s) in front of him and close to his body inside his cylinder to avoid injury.
33.6 Airborne Player A player who has jumped up from a point on the court has the right to land at that same point. He has the right to land at another point on the court, provided that the landing point and the direct path between the take-off and landing points are not already occupied by the opponent(s) at the time of jumping. If a player jumps and lands but due to inertia collides with an opponent who is in a legal guarding position near the landing point, then the player who jumped is responsible for the contact. An opponent cannot move into a player's path after that player has jumped into the air. Moving under a player who is in the air causing contact is usually an unsportsmanlike foul, and in certain cases may be a disqualifying foul.
33.7 Screening: Legal and Illegal A screen is an attempt to delay or prevent an opponent without the ball from taking a desired position on the court. A valid screen occurs when the player screening the opponent: – Is motionless (within his cylinder) at the moment contact occurs. – Stands with both feet on the floor at the moment when contact occurs. An illegal screen occurs when the player screening an opponent: – Is in motion when contact occurs. – Does not leave enough distance by placing a screen out of sight of a stationary opponent when contact occurs. – Does not take into account the factors of time and distance in relation to an opponent who is in motion when contact occurs. If the screen is being screened by a stationary opponent (in front or to the side), the player can screen as close to him without causing contact as he wishes. If a screen is set outside the line of sight of a stationary opponent, the player setting the screen must allow the opponent to take one (1) normal step toward the screen without causing contact. If the opponent is on the move, time and distance factors must be taken into account. The screener must leave enough space so that the screener can avoid the screen by stopping or changing direction. The required distance should never be less than one (1) nor more than two (2) normal steps. The player who is legally screened is responsible for any contact with the player who set the screen.
33.8 Collision A collision is illegal personal contact by a player with or without the ball by pushing or moving into the body of an opponent.
33.9 Blocking Blocking is illegal personal contact that interferes with the movement of an opponent with or without the ball. A player attempting to screen commits a blocking foul if the contact occurs while he is moving and his opponent is stationary or retreating away from him. If a player, not paying attention to the ball, faces an opponent and changes his position relative to the opponent's movement, he is primarily responsible for any contact that occurs, unless other factors are present. The expression 'unless other factors are present' refers to intentionally pushing, bumping or holding a player who is being screened. A player is allowed to place his arm(s) or elbow(s) outside his cylinder when taking position on the court, but they must be returned to the inside of the cylinder when an opponent attempts to pass the player. If the hand(s) or elbow(s) are outside his cylinder and contact occurs, this is a block or hold.
33.10 Touching an opponent with the hand(s) and/or arm(s) Touching an opponent with the hand(s) in itself is not necessarily a foul. The referees must decide whether the player who caused the contact has gained an unfair advantage. If contact caused by a player restricts an opponent's freedom of movement in any way, such contact is a foul. Misuse of hand(s) or outstretched arm(s) occurs when a defender is in a defensive stance and his hand(s) or arm(s) touches and remains in contact with an opponent holding the ball or without the ball, in order to interfere with its movement. Repeatedly touching or poking an opponent with or without the ball is a foul as it can lead to rough play. The following actions by an offensive player with the ball are a foul: – Grabbing or entangling a defender's arm or elbow to gain an unfair advantage. – Pushing away from a defender to prevent him from playing or attempting to play the ball or to create more space between himself and the defender. – Using an outstretched arm and hand while dribbling to prevent an opponent from gaining control of the ball. It is a foul of an attacker without the ball when he pushes away from an opponent in order to: – Free himself to receive the ball. – Prevent a defender from playing or attempting to play the ball. – Create more space between yourself and the defender.
33.11 Playing Centers The principle of verticality (cylinder principle) also applies to the play of centers. The forward in the center position and the defender guarding him must respect each other's rights to the vertical position (cylinder). A foul is an attempt by an attacker or defender in the center position to push his opponent out of his position with his shoulder or hip or to interfere with his freedom of movement using extended elbows, hands, knees or other parts of the body.
33.12 Illegal marking from the back Illegal marking from the back is personal contact by a defender behind an opponent. The fact that a defender is trying to play the ball does not justify him making contact with an opponent from behind.
33.13 Holding Holding is improper personal contact with an opponent that interferes with his freedom of movement. This contact (delay) can occur with any part of the body.
33.14 Push A push is illegal personal contact on any part of the body in which a player forcibly moves or attempts to move an opponent, whether in control or not of the ball.
Art. 34 Personal foul
34.1 Definition
34.1.1 A personal foul is a foul on a player due to contact with an opponent, regardless of whether the ball is live or dead. A player must not hold, block, push, collide, trip or impede the movement of an opponent by exposing a hand, arm, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee or foot, or bending in an unnatural manner (outside his cylinder), or commit any rough or violent actions.
34.2 Penalty A personal foul shall be awarded to the offending player.
34.2.1 If a foul is committed on a player who is not in the act of shooting: – The game shall be resumed with a throw-in by the non-offending team from the place nearest to where the foul occurred. – If the offending team is subject to a team foul penalty, then Art. 41 (Team fouls: penalty).
34.2.2 If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting, that player shall be awarded the following number of free throws: – If the shot for the field goal is successful, the hit will count and one (1) additional free throw shall be awarded. – If a field goal from the two-point range is unsuccessful, two (2) free throws will be awarded. – If a field goal from the three-point range is unsuccessful, three (3) free throws will be awarded. – If a player is fouled at the same time as or immediately before the game clock signal for the end of the period or the twenty-four second device signal while the ball is still in the player's hand(s) and the shot for a field goal is successful, the goal will not count and two points will be awarded. (2) or three (3) free throws.
Art. 35 Double foul
35.1 Definition A double foul is a situation in which two players from opposing teams commit personal fouls against each other at approximately the same time.
35.2 Punishment
35.2.1 Each offending player must be penalized with a personal foul. No free throws will be awarded.
35.2.2 The game shall be restarted as follows: – If at the same time a valid field goal or the last or only free throw is successful, the ball shall be awarded to the team whose basket it was scored for a throw-in. lines. – If one team had control of the ball or was entitled to possession of the ball, it shall be awarded to that team for a throw-in at the place nearest to where the double foul occurred. – If neither team had control of the ball or was entitled to possession of the ball, a jump ball situation occurs.
Art. 36 Unsportsmanlike foul
36.1 Definition
36.1.1 An unsportsmanlike foul is a foul committed as a result of contact by a player who, in the opinion of the official, was not legally attempting to directly play the ball in accordance with the spirit and intent of the Rules.
36.1.2 Unsportsmanlike fouls shall be treated the same throughout the game.
36.1.3 The referee must evaluate only the action.
36.1.4 In order to rule a foul as unsportsmanlike, officials must apply the following principles: – If a player does not attempt to play the ball and contact occurs, it is an unsportsmanlike foul. – If, while attempting to play the ball, a player causes excessive contact (a hard foul), then the contact shall be considered an unsportsmanlike foul. – If a player commits a foul while making a legal attempt to play the ball (normal play), the foul is not unsportsmanlike.
36.2 Punishment
36.2.1 An unsportsmanlike foul shall be assessed against the offending player.
36.2.2 The free throw(s) shall be awarded to the fouled player, followed by: – Throw-in at the center extension line opposite the secretary's table. – A jump ball is played in the center circle at the beginning of the first period. The number of free throws awarded shall be as follows: – If a foul is committed on a player not in the act of shooting, two (2) free throws will be awarded. – If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting and the ball is scored, the hit will count and an additional one (1) free throw will be awarded. – If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting but the ball does not go into the basket, two (2) or three (3) free throws will be awarded.
Art. 37 Disqualifying foul
37.1 Definition
37.1.1 A disqualifying foul is any flagrant unsportsmanlike conduct by a player, substitute, coach, assistant coach, or team follower.
37.1.2 A player shall also be disqualified when he is charged with two (2) unsportsmanlike fouls.
37.1.3 A coach shall also be disqualified when: – He is charged with two (2) technical fouls (‘C’) as a result of his personal unsportsmanlike conduct. – He is charged with three (3) technical fouls assessed as a result of the unsportsmanlike conduct of persons on the team ('B') bench (assistant coach, substitute or team escort), or a combination of three (3) technical fouls, one of which was coach ('C') punished.
37.1.4 If a player or coach is disqualified under Art. 37.1.2 or Art. 37.1.3, then only that unsportsmanlike or technical foul shall be sanctioned and no additional penalty for disqualification shall be imposed.
37.1.5 A coach who has been disqualified must be replaced by an assistant coach if he is included in the score sheet. If there is no assistant coach listed on the scoresheet, then the coach must be replaced by the captain.
37.2 Punishment
37.2.1 A disqualifying foul shall be awarded to the offender.
37.2.2 He must be disqualified and go to his team's locker room, where he must remain throughout the game, or, at his discretion, he may leave the building.
37.2.3 Free throw(s) shall be awarded to: – Any player of the opposing team in the case of a foul not caused by contact with an opponent. – To the player who has been fouled, in the case of a foul caused by contact with an opponent. Followed by: – Throw-in at the center line extended, opposite the scorer's table. – A jump ball is played in the center circle at the beginning of the first period.
37.2.4 The number of free throws awarded shall be as follows: – If a foul is committed on a player not in the act of shooting or a technical foul occurs, two (2) free throws will be awarded. – If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting and the ball is scored, the hit will count and an additional one (1) free throw will be awarded. – If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting but the ball does not go into the basket, two (2) or three (3) free throws will be awarded.
Art. 38 Technical foul
38.1 Rules of Conduct
38.1.1 The conduct of the game at the proper level requires the full and loyal cooperation of the members of both teams (players, substitutes, coaches, assistant coaches and team followers) with the referees, table judges and the commissioner.
38.1.2 Each team has the right to make every effort to achieve victory, but this must be done in the spirit of sportsmanship and fair play.
38.1.3 Any willful or repeated disregard for this cooperation or the spirit of these Rules shall be considered a technical foul.
38.1.4 Referees can prevent technical fouls by issuing warnings or even allowing minor technical violations of an administrative nature that are clearly unintentional and do not have a direct impact on the game, unless such violation is repeated after the warning.
38.1.5 If a technical violation is detected after the ball is live, play shall be stopped and a technical foul assessed. The penalty shall be administered in the same manner as if the technical foul had occurred at the time it was called. Everything that happened between the technical violation and the stoppage of play remains in effect.
38.2 Violence
38.2.1 Acts of violence may occur during play, contrary to the spirit of competitive sport and fair play. These acts must be stopped immediately by judges and, if necessary, by public order officers.
38.2.2 Whenever acts of violence between players, substitutes, coaches, assistant coaches or team followers occur on or in the immediate vicinity of the playing court, the referees must take the necessary measures to stop them.
38.2.3 Any persons named above who are guilty of obvious acts of aggression against opponents or referees shall be disqualified. Judges must report the incident to the organization hosting the competition.
38.2.4 Members of the public order forces may enter the court only at the request of the judges. However, if spectators enter the court with the obvious intention of committing an act of violence, public order must intervene immediately to protect the teams and referees.
38.2.5 All other areas, including entrances, exits, corridors, locker rooms, etc., are under the responsibility of the organizers and public order officers.
38.2.6 Physical actions of players, substitutes, coaches, assistant coaches and team followers that could lead to damage to playing equipment should not be allowed by the referees. As soon as the referees notice such actions, they must immediately issue a warning to the coach of the team concerned. If such actions are repeated, a technical foul shall be immediately awarded to the offending person. The judges' decisions are final and cannot be challenged or ignored.
38.3 Definition
38.3.1 A technical foul by a player is a foul not caused by contact with an opponent, including, but not limited to, the player: – Ignoring the warnings of the officials. – Disrespectfully touches the referees, the commissioner, table officials or persons on the team bench. – Addresses the judges, commissioner, table judges or opponents in a disrespectful manner. – Uses expressions or gestures that offend or provoke viewers. – Taunts an opponent or obstructs his vision by waving his arms in front of his eyes. – Delays play by deliberately touching the ball after it has passed through the basket. – Delays the game by preventing the opposing team from quickly taking a throw-in. – Falls to the floor, simulating a foul. – Hangs on the ring in such a way that the ring supports the weight of the player, except when the player momentarily grabs the ring after making a dunk or, in the opinion of the referee, is attempting to avoid injury or prevent injury to another player. – A defender commits shot interference or ball interference on the last or only free throw. In this case, one (1) point shall be awarded to the offensive team, after which a technical foul shall be assessed against the defender.
38.3.2 A technical foul by a coach, assistant coach, substitute or team follower is a foul for disrespectful treatment or touching of the referees, commissioner, table officials or opponents, or for violations of a procedural or administrative nature.
38.4 Punishment
38.4.1 If a technical foul is committed by: – A player, then the technical foul shall be charged to him as a player foul and counted as one of the team fouls. – By a coach (‘C’), assistant coach (‘B’), substitute (‘B’) or team follower (‘B’), then this technical foul shall be charged to the coach and shall not be counted as one of the team fouls.
38.4.2 Two (2) free throws shall be awarded to the opposing team, followed by: – A throw-in at the center line extended, opposite the scorer’s table. – A jump ball is played in the center circle at the beginning of the first period. Art. 39 Fight
39.1 Definition Fighting is the physical impact of two or more opponents (players, substitutes, coaches, assistant coaches and team followers) on each other. This article applies only to substitutes, coaches, assistant coaches and team followers who leave the team bench area during a fight or any situation that could lead to a fight.
39.2 Rule
39.2.1 Substitutes or team followers who leave the team bench area during a fight or in any situation that could lead to a fight shall be disqualified.
39.2.2 Only the coach and/or assistant coach are permitted to leave the team bench area during a fight or any situation that may lead to a fight to assist the officials in maintaining or restoring order. In this situation they should not be disqualified.
39.2.3 If a coach and/or assistant coach leaves the team bench area and does not assist or attempt to assist the officials in maintaining or restoring order, they shall be disqualified.
39.3 Punishment
39.3.1 Regardless of the number of coaches, substitutes or team followers disqualified for leaving the team bench area, a single technical foul (‘B’) shall be charged to the coach.
39.3.2 In the event that members of both teams are disqualified in accordance with this article and there are no penalties for other fouls, the game shall be resumed as follows: – If at the same time a valid field goal is scored, the ball shall be awarded to the team in the basket of which he was thrown for a throw-in from behind the end line. – If one team was in control of the ball or entitled to possession, it shall be awarded to that team for a throw-in at the center line extended, opposite the scorer’s table. – If neither team had control of the ball or was entitled to possession of the ball, a jump ball situation occurs.
39.3.3 All disqualifying fouls shall be recorded in accordance with B.8.3 and shall not count as team fouls.
39.3.4 All penalties for fouls that occurred prior to the fighting situation must be administered in accordance with Art. 42 (Special situations).

RULE SEVEN - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 40 Five player fouls
40.1 A player who commits five (5) fouls (personal and/or technical) must be informed by the referee and leave the game immediately. It must be replaced within thirty (30) seconds.
40.2 A foul committed by a player who has previously received a fifth foul is treated as an ejected player foul and is recorded on the score sheet to the coach (‘B’).
Art. 41 Team fouls: punishment
41.1 Definition
41.1.1 A team is subject to a team foul penalty when it commits four (4) team fouls in a period.
41.1.2 All team fouls committed during a break in the game shall be considered committed in the next period or in the next extra period.
41.1.3 All team fouls committed in the extra period shall be deemed to have been committed in the fourth period.
41.2 Rule
41.2.1 When a team is penalized for team fouls, all subsequent personal fouls committed on a player who was not in the act of shooting shall be penalized by the award of two (2) free throws in lieu of a throw-in.
41.2.2 If a personal foul is committed by a player of the team in control of the live ball or entitled to possession of the ball, the foul shall be punishable by a throw-in for the opposing team.
Art. 42 Special situations
42.1 Definition During the same clock stop period after a foul or infraction has been called, special situations may arise where additional foul(s) are committed.
42.2 Procedure
42.2.1 All fouls must be called and all penalties determined.
42.2.2 It is necessary to determine the order in which the fouls occurred.
42.2.3 All equal penalties against teams and all penalties for double fouls shall be cancelled. After this they are not taken into account.
42.2.4 A right to possession of the ball as part of the last penalty to be administered cancels all previous rights to possession of the ball.
42.2.5 Once the ball is live for the first or only free throw or throw-in, that penalty can no longer be used to offset another penalty.
42.2.6 All remaining penalties must be carried out in the order in which they were recorded.
42.2.7 If, after compensating equal penalties against teams, there are no other penalties remaining to be taken, the game shall be resumed as follows: – If at the same time a valid field goal is scored, the ball shall be awarded to the team whose basket it was abandoned for a throw-in from behind the baseline. – If one team was in control of the ball or entitled to possession of the ball, it shall be awarded to that team for a throw-in at the place nearest to where the first infraction occurred. – If neither team had control of the ball or was entitled to possession of the ball, a jump ball situation occurs.
Art. 43 Free throws
43.1 Definition
43.1.1 A free throw is an opportunity for a player to score one (1) point by shooting unimpeded at the basket from a position behind the free throw line and inside the semicircle.
43.1.2 A series of free throws is all free throws and/or subsequent possession resulting from a single foul penalty.
43.2 Rule
43.2.1 When a personal foul is called for which the penalty is the award of free throw(s): – The player against whom the foul was committed shall attempt the free throw(s). – If a request is made to replace him, he must attempt the free throw(s) before leaving the game. – If he must leave the game due to injury, committing a fifth foul, or disqualification, then his replacement must shoot the free throw(s). If a team has no more substitutes left, the free throw(s) must be attempted by any player on that team.
43.2.2 When a technical foul is called, any member of the opposing team may attempt the free throw(s).
43.2.3 The player taking the free throw must: – Position himself behind the free throw line and inside the semicircle. – Use any method of making a free throw so that the ball enters the basket from above or touches the ring. – Release the ball within five (5) seconds from the moment it is placed at the referee’s disposal. – Do not touch the free throw line or enter the restricted area until the ball has entered the basket or touched the ring. – Do not fake a free throw.
43.2.4 Players located in the rebound spots along the free throw area have the right to take positions in those spots one (1) meter deep. These players must not: – Take up rebound positions that are not intended for them. – Enter the restricted area, neutral zone, or remain in position until the ball has left the free throw shooter's hand(s). – The opponents of the player taking the free throw must not interfere with his actions.
43.2.5 Players not occupying rebound positions along the free throw area must remain behind the imaginary extension of the free throw line and behind the three-point line until the ball touches the ring or the free throw ends.
43.2.6 During the execution of a free throw(s) that is to be followed by another set of free throws or a face-off, all players must be behind the imaginary extension of the free throw line and behind the three-point line. Non-compliance with Art. 43.2.3, 43.2.4, 43.2.5 or 43.2.6 is a violation.
43.3 Punishment
43.3.1 If the violation is committed by the player taking the free throw: – No points are scored. – Any other violation committed by any other player immediately before, at approximately the same time, or after the violation of the player taking the free throw shall not be taken into account. The ball shall be awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in at the free throw line unless further free throw(s) are to be taken.
43.3.2 If a free throw is successful and the foul(s) are committed by any player(s) other than the player taking the free throw: – If the ball enters the basket, the points are scored . – The violation(s) will not be taken into account. If the last or only free throw is attempted, the ball shall be awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in at the end line.
43.3.3 If a free throw is unsuccessful and the violation is committed by: – A teammate of the free throw shooter on the last or only free throw, the ball shall be awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in at the free throw line, unless that team has rights to further possession of the ball. – The opponent of the player taking the free throw, then an additional free throw shall be awarded to the player taking the throw. – By both teams on the last or only free throw, the game shall be restarted with a jump ball.
Art. 44 Correctable errors
44.1 Determination Referees may correct an error if a rule has been ignored due to inattention only in the following situations: – Awarding undeserved free throw(s). – Allowing the wrong player to shoot the free throw(s). – Failure to award deserved free throw(s). – Erroneous counting or cancellation of a hit by the judges.
44.2 Procedure
44.2.1 In order for the above errors to be corrected, they must be discovered by the umpire or the error brought to the attention of the umpire before the ball becomes live after the first time it has become dead after the game clock starts following the error.
Ie: An error occurs - All errors occur while the ball is dead. The ball is live - The error is correctable. The game clock is turned on or continues to run - The error is correctable. Dead ball - Error correctable. The ball is live - The error can no longer be corrected.
44.2.2 The referee may stop play immediately upon discovering a correctable error, provided that neither team is disadvantaged. If an error is discovered during play by the scorer, he must wait until the ball is dead before giving his signal to attract the referees' attention to stop play.
44.2.3 Any fouls committed, points scored, time played and additional actions that occurred after the error but before it was discovered shall not be disallowed.
44.2.4 After an error has been corrected, play must be resumed at the point where it was interrupted to correct the error. The ball must be awarded to the team entitled to the throw-in at the time the fault is discovered.
44.2.5 If the error consists of awarding undeserved free throw(s) or attempting a free throw by the wrong player, the erroneously attempted free throw(s) shall -s) shall be overturned and the game shall be restarted as follows: – If the game clock was not started after the error, the ball shall be awarded for a throw-in to the team whose free throws were disallowed. – If the clock was turned on after an error and: . The team in control of the ball (or entitled to possession of the ball) when the error was discovered is the same as the team in control of the ball when the error occurred, or. Neither team is in control of the ball when the error is discovered, then the ball must be awarded to the team entitled to the throw-in at the time the error was committed. – If the game clock has been running and, at the time the error is detected, the ball is in control (or is entitled to possession) of the team opposing the team that was in control of the ball at the time of the error, a jump ball situation occurs. – If the clock has been running and at the time the error is discovered free throw(s) are awarded as a penalty for a foul, then the free throw(s) shall ) be passed and the ball awarded for a throw-in to the team that was in control of the ball at the time the error occurred.
44.2.6 If the error is a failure to award a deserved free throw(s): – If there has been no change in possession since the error was committed, play shall restart after the error is corrected, as after any regular free throw. – If the same team scores the ball following an erroneous throw-in, the error shall be ignored.
44.2.7 Once an error that is still correctable is discovered: – If the player required to correct the error is on the team bench after a valid substitution (has not been disqualified and has not committed a fifth foul), he must re-enter the playing court to participate in correcting the error (from now on he becomes a player). Once the error is corrected, he may remain in the game, unless a timely request for his replacement is made again, in which case the player may leave the playing area. – If a player is replaced as a result of committing a fifth foul or being disqualified, then the player replacing him must participate in correcting the error.
44.2.8 Correctable errors cannot be corrected after the referee has signed the score sheet.
44.2.9 Any omissions or errors made by the scorer or timekeeper in the timing of the clock, which relate to the score, the number of fouls, the number of time-outs, or the elapsed or remaining time, may be corrected by the officials at any time before the chief official signs protocol.

RULE EIGHT - JUDGES, TABLE JUDGES AND COMMISSIONER

Art. 45 Judges, Table Judges and Commissioner
45.1 The judges are: a senior judge and one or two judges. They are assisted by the table judges and the commissioner.
45.2 The referees at the table are the secretary, assistant secretary, timekeeper and twenty-four second operator.
45.3 The commissioner must sit between the scorekeeper and the timekeeper. His responsibilities during the game are primarily to supervise the work of the table umpires and assist the chief umpire and the umpire(s) in the smooth conduct of the game.
45.4 The referees for a given game must not be affiliated in any way with any of the teams on the court.
45.5 The Umpires, Table Judges and Commissioner shall conduct the game in accordance with these Rules and shall not change them. 45.6 The referee uniform must consist of a referee shirt, long black trousers, black socks and black basketball shoes.
45.7 Judges and table judges must wear the same uniform.
Art. 46 Senior judge: duties and rights
The senior judge must:
46.1 Inspect and approve all equipment used during the game.
46.2 Determine the official game clock, twenty-four second device, stopwatch and become familiar with the table officials.
46.3 Select a game ball from a minimum of two (2) used balls provided by the home team. If none of these balls is suitable as a playing ball, he may choose any other ball of the best quality available.
46.4 Do not allow any player to carry items that could cause injury to other players.
46.5 Conduct a jump ball at the beginning of the first period and a face-off at the beginning of all other periods.
46.6 Has the right to stop the game when circumstances so require.
46.7 Has the right to determine which team receives a “forfeit” loss.
46.8 Check the scoresheet carefully at the end of playing time or at any other time he deems necessary.
46.9 Approve and sign the protocol at the end of playing time, which means the end of the playing jurisdiction of the referees and their connection with the game. The rights of the referees begin when they appear on the court twenty (20) minutes before the scheduled start time of the game and end at the end of the playing time approved by the referees.
46.10 Write on the back of the score sheet before signing it in the event that a loss is awarded to a team by forfeit, or in the case of any unsportsmanlike conduct by players, coaches, assistant coaches or team followers that occurs earlier than twenty (20) minutes before the start time of the game indicated in the schedule, or between the end of playing time and the approval and signing of the protocol. In this case, the senior judge (commissioner, if present) must send a report describing the incident to the organization conducting the competition.
46.11 Make a final decision whenever necessary or when the judges disagree. In order to make a final decision, he may confer with the judge, commissioner and/or table judges.
46.12 Has the right to make decisions on any issues not specifically provided for in these Rules.
Art. 47 Judges: duties and rights
47.1 The referees have the authority to rule on violations of the Rules committed both inside and outside the boundary line, including the scorer's table, team benches and the area directly behind the lines.
47.2 The referees blow their whistles when there is a violation of the Rules, the end of a period, or when they deem it necessary to stop play. Referees should not blow their whistles after a successful field goal, successful free throw, or when the ball becomes live.
47.3 In making a decision on a personal contact or foul, the referees in each case must be guided by the following fundamental principles: – The need to maintain the integrity of the game, based on the spirit and intent of the Laws. – Consistency in the application of the advantage/no advantage principle, whereby referees must not interrupt the flow of play unnecessarily and not penalize accidental personal contact that does not give a player an advantage or disadvantage an opponent. – Consistency in applying common sense in each game, taking into account the players' abilities, attitudes and behavior during the game. – Consistency in maintaining a balance between control of the game and the flow of the game, i.e. have a sense of what the participants are trying to do and determine only what is right for the game.
47.4 If the result of the game is protested by one of the teams, the senior referee (commissioner, if present) must, within an hour after the end of playing time, send a report describing what happened to the organization conducting the competition.
47.5 If a referee is injured or for any other reason is unable to continue to perform his duties for five (5) minutes after the occurrence, play must restart. Another referee will officiate alone for the remainder of the game unless a qualified substitute referee can replace the injured referee. The decision on a possible replacement is made by the remaining referee on the court after consultation with the commissioner.
47.6 For all international games, if it is necessary to explain a decision, all verbal explanations must be made in English.
47.7 Each referee has the right to make decisions within the scope of his duties, but does not have the right to overturn or question decisions made by other referee(s).
Art. 48 Secretary and assistant secretary: responsibilities
48.1 The score sheet shall be made available to the scorekeeper and he shall: – Record the names and numbers of the players who are to start the game and of all substitutes who are to enter the game. When a violation of the Rules occurs involving the five (5) players to start the game, substitutions or player numbers, he must report it to the nearest referee as quickly as possible. – Maintain chronological changes in the total score, recording field goals and free throws scored. – Record fouls called on each player. The scorer must immediately inform the referee when any player is charged with a fifth foul. He must record the fouls called on each coach and immediately inform the referee when the coach should be disqualified. Likewise, he must immediately inform the referee when a player has committed two (2) unsportsmanlike fouls and should be disqualified. – Log requested timeouts. He must inform the officials at the earliest opportunity that a requested time-out has been requested and notify the coach through the referee when the coach has no more time-outs remaining in the half or extra period. – Determine the next alternating possession by operating the alternating possession arrow. The scorer must change the direction of the alternating possession arrow immediately after the end of the first half as the teams must exchange baskets in the second half.
48.2 The scorer must also: – Display the number of fouls committed by each player by holding up a pointer with the number corresponding to the number of fouls committed by that player, in such a way that both coaches can clearly see it. – Place the team foul indicator on the edge of the scorer's table closest to the bench of the team committing the fourth team foul of the period at the moment the ball becomes live after that foul. – Make replacements. – Give your signal only when the ball is dead and before the ball becomes live again. The sound of the scorer's signal does not stop the game clock or play, nor does it cause the ball to become dead.
48.3 The assistant secretary operates the scoreboard and assists the secretary. In the event of any discrepancy between the readings on the scoreboard and the entries in the protocol and if it is impossible to establish the reason for this discrepancy, the entries in the protocol are accepted as true, in accordance with which the readings on the scoreboard must be corrected.
48.4 If an error in the score sheet is discovered: – During play, the scorer must wait until the ball is dead before giving his signal. – After the end of playing time, but before the head referee signs the scoresheet, the error must be corrected, even if the correction made will affect the final result of the game. – Once the protocol is signed by the senior judge, the error can no longer be corrected. The chief judge must send a report describing the incident to the organization conducting the competition.
Art. 49 Timekeeper: duties
49.1 The timekeeper must be provided with a game clock and a stopwatch and must: – Keep track of playing time, time-outs and breaks in play. – Make sure that the signal for the end of the playing time of the period sounds very loudly and automatically. – Use all possible means at his disposal to immediately inform the referees if his signal is not sounded or heard. – Notify teams and referees at least three (3) minutes before the start of the third period.
49.2 The timekeeper must keep the playing time as follows: – Start the playing clock when: . During a jump ball, the ball is correctly hit by one of the contesting players. . After the last or only free throw is unsuccessful, the ball remains alive and touches a player on the court or is touched by a player on the court. . During a throw-in, the ball touches or is touched by a player on the court. – Stop the game clock when: . The game time period has expired. . The referee blows the whistle the moment the ball is live. . A field goal is scored into the basket of the team that called for the requested timeout. . A field goal is made in the last two (2) minutes of the fourth period and in the last two (2) minutes of any overtime period. . The device beeps for twenty-four seconds at the moment when one of the teams controls the ball.
49.3 The timekeeper must count the requested time-out as follows: – Activate the timing device immediately after the referee gives the signal for the requested time-out. – Give your signal after the fifty (50) second requested time-out has elapsed. – Give your signal when the time-out is over.
49.4 The timekeeper must count the interval of play as follows: – Switch on the timing device immediately after the end of the previous period. – Give your signal three (3) minutes and one and a half (1:30) minutes before the start of the first and third periods. – Give your signal thirty (30) seconds before the start of the second, fourth and each overtime period. Art. 50 Twenty Four Seconds Operator: Responsibilities
A twenty-four second device shall be made available to the twenty-four second operator, which he shall operate as follows: 50.1 Start or continue the clock each time a team gains control of a live ball on the court.
50.2 Stop and reset by twenty-four (24) seconds (there shall be no reading on the device) as soon as: – The referee blows the whistle for a foul or infraction. – The ball enters the basket after a field goal or pass. – The ball touches the ring after a field goal. – The game is stopped due to an action involving a team not in control of the ball. – The game is stopped due to an action not related to either team, unless the opposing team is put at a disadvantage.
50.3 Reset the reading to twenty-four (24) seconds (there should be no reading on the device) and restart the device as soon as the opposing team gains control of a live ball on the court. Simply touching the ball by an opponent does not start a new 24-second period for the team that continues to control the ball.
50.4 Stop, but not reset, twenty-four (24) seconds when the same team that previously controlled the ball is awarded a throw-in as a result of: – The ball going out of bounds. – Injuries to a player of the same team. – Jump ball situations. - Double foul. – Compensation for equal penalties against teams.
50.5 Stop and turn off the device when a team gains control of a live ball on the court and there are less than twenty-four (24) seconds left on the game clock before the end of the period. The twenty-four second device signal does not stop the game clock or play, nor cause the ball to become dead, unless one team is in control of the ball.

2.2 Backcourt

Backcourt team includes that team's own basket, the front of the backboard, and that portion of the playing court bounded by the end line behind its own basket, the sidelines, and the center line.

2.3 Frontcourt

Frontcourt team includes the opponents' basket, the front part of the backboard and that part of the playing court that is limited by the end line behind the opponents' basket, the side lines and the inner edge of the center line closest to the opponents' basket.

2.4 Lines

All lines must be painted white and have a width

5 cm and be clearly visible.

2.4.1 Boundary line

The playing area must be marked with a boundary line consisting of end lines and side lines. These lines are not part of the playing court.

Any obstructions, including persons sitting on the team bench, must be kept at least 2 meters from the playing court.

2.4.2 Center line, center circle and free throw semi-circles

The center line is drawn parallel to the front lines from the middle of the side lines. It should extend 0.15 m beyond each side line. The center line is part of the backcourt.

The central circle is marked in the center of the playing area and has a radius of 1.80 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle. If the central circle is colored, it should be the same color as the limited areas.

Penalty throw semicircles are marked on the playing court with radii of 1.80 m, measured to the outer edge of the circle, the centers of which are located at the midpoints of the free throw lines (Fig. 2).

2.4.3 Free-throw lines, restricted areas and free-throw rebound areas

The free throw line is drawn parallel to each end line. Its far edge is 5.80 m from the inner edge of the end line, and its length should be 3.60 m. Its middle should be on an imaginary line connecting the midpoints of the 2 end lines.

Restricted areas are rectangular areas defined on the playing court, bounded by the end lines, extensions of the free throw lines and lines that start from the end lines. Their outer edges are 2.45 m from the center of the end lines and end at the outer edges of the extensions of the free throw lines. These lines, with the exception of the end lines, are parts of the restricted area. Restricted areas should be painted the same color.

Free throw rebound areas along the restricted areas for players during free throws are marked as shown in Figure. 2.

2.4.4 3-point field goal zone

The team's 3-point field goal zone (Figure 1 and Figure 3) is the entire playing court, with the exception of the area around the opponents' basket, which is limited and includes:

2 parallel lines drawn from the end line and perpendicular to it, the outer edges of which are at a distance of 0.90 m from the inner edges of the side lines.

A semi-circle with a radius of 6.75 m, measured from a point on the floor directly below the exact center of the opponents' basket to the outer edge of the semi-circle. The distance from this point on the floor to the inner edge of the middle of the end line is 1.575 m. The semicircle turns into parallel lines.

The 3-point line is not part of the 3-point field goal area.

2.4.5 Team bench areas

The team bench areas must be marked outside the playing court by 2 lines, as shown in Fig. 1.

There must be 14 seats in the team bench area for persons on the team bench, which includes coaches, assistant coaches, substitutes, excluded players and accompanying persons. Any other persons must be at least 2 meters behind the team bench.

2.4.6 Throw-in lines

2 lines, 0.15 m long, must be drawn outside the playing area on the touchline opposite the scorer's table, with the outer edges of these lines being 8.325 m from the inner edges of the nearest end lines.

2.4.7 Areas of semi-circles in which fouls are not calledcollisions

Semi-circle lines in which collision fouls are not called must be marked on the playing court and limited to:

A semicircle with a radius of 1.25 m, measured from a point on the floor directly below the exact center of the basket to the inner edge of the semicircle. This semicircle connects:

2 parallel lines perpendicular to the end line, 0.375 m long, the inner edges of which are 1.25 m from a point on the floor directly below the exact center of the basket, and ending 1.20 m from the inner edge of the end line.

The semicircle areas where collision fouls are not called include imaginary lines connecting the edges of the parallel lines directly below the faces of the backboards.

The semicircle lines are the parts of the semicircle areas in which collision fouls are not called.

2.5 Location of scorer's table and replacement chairs(Fig.4)