In cylindrical milling, the axis of the cutter is parallel to the surface to be machined; work is carried out by teeth located on the cylindrical surface of the cutter. In face milling, the axis of the cutter is perpendicular to the machined surface; the work involves teeth located both on the end face and on the cylindrical surface of the cutter. Face and cylindrical milling can be performed in two ways: counter milling, when the feed direction s is opposite to the direction of rotation of the cutter (Fig. 8.10, a), and climb milling (Fig. 8.10, b), when the feed direction s coincides with the direction of rotation of the cutter.
With counter milling, the load on the cutter tooth increases gradually, cutting begins at point 1 and ends at point 2 with the greatest thickness atax of the cut layer (Fig. 8.10, a).
In climb milling, the tooth starts cutting from the layer of the greatest thickness, therefore, at the moment the tooth enters into contact with the workpiece, an impact phenomenon is observed. With up-cut milling, the cutting process is calmer, since the thickness of the cut layer increases smoothly and, consequently, the load on the machine increases gradually. Climb milling should be performed on machines that have sufficient rigidity and vibration resistance, and mainly in the absence of a gap in the lead screw-nut interface of the longitudinal feed of the table.
When processing workpieces with a black surface (along the crust), climb milling should not be used, since when the cutter tooth cuts into a hard crust, premature wear and failure of the cutter occurs. When milling workpieces with pre-machined surfaces, climb milling is preferable to counter milling, which is explained by the following. In climb milling, the workpiece is pressed against the table, and the table against the guides, thereby increasing rigidity

Tool and surface quality. In up-cut milling, the cutter tends to tear the workpiece off the table surface.
Both up and down milling can work with the table moving in both directions, allowing you to perform rough and finish milling in one operation.

71. Face milling.

Face milling performed exclusively with end mills. To remove the allowance for the rotational movement of the cutter, translational movement is also added. Thus, metal milling is mainly carried out on horizontal milling machines.

End mills are designed for processing planes on vertical and horizontal milling machines. End mills have teeth located on the cylindrical surface and on the end face. They are divided into: mounted (with small and large teeth) and mounted with inserted knives. "+" more rigid mounting on the mandrel or spindle, smoother operation due to the large number of simultaneously working teeth.

Face mills

End mills are widely used in the processing of planes on vertical milling machines. Their axis is set perpendicular to the machined plane of the part. Unlike cylindrical cutters, where all points of the cutting edges are profiling and form the machined surface, in face mills, only the tops of the cutting edges of the teeth are profiling. End cutting edges are auxiliary. The main cutting work is performed by the side cutting edges located on the outer surface.

Since on each tooth only the top zones of the cutting edges are profiling, the shape of the cutting edges of a face mill designed for processing a flat surface can be very diverse. In practice, end mills with cutting edges in the form of a broken line or a circle are used. Moreover, the angles in terms of Ф on face mills can vary over a wide range. Most often, the angle in the plan Ф on face mills is taken equal to 90 ° or 45-60 °. From the point of view of the cutter durability, it is advisable to choose the smallest value that provides sufficient vibration resistance of the cutting process and the specified accuracy of part processing.

Face mills provide smooth operation even with a small allowance, since the contact angle with the workpiece for face mills does not depend on the allowance and is determined by the width of the milling and the diameter of the cutter. The face mill can be more massive and rigid than cylindrical cutters, which makes it possible to conveniently place and securely fasten the cutting elements and equip them with carbide. Face milling usually provides greater productivity than cylindrical. Therefore, at present, most of the work on milling planes is performed with face mills.

The workpiece is fed in the direction of rotation of the cutting tool. Often, experts call this type of processing “by filing”. The advantage is that the workpiece is pressed against the clamping device itself. The teeth of the cutting tool on the back surfaces wear out less and evenly. Therefore, the durability of the cutter is several times higher than with counter machining. The allowance to be removed on the workpiece lends itself to deformation gradually.

The disadvantages of this type of milling include the fact that workpieces with rough surfaces, such as castings, cannot be machined due to hard inclusions in the crust. If you risk processing these workpieces by climb milling, then the cutting tool will very quickly become unusable. The cutter on the machine must be securely fixed, since the processing is carried out under shock loading.

To avoid vibrations, there should be no gaps in the table mechanisms. However, often this cannot be achieved, so you need to work carefully.

Up milling

In this case, the workpiece is fed towards the cutting tool. Among the advantages of this technology, one can single out a very soft effect on the surface of the workpiece and the fact that the treated surface is hardened during metal deformation. The negative points include the need to use additional fasteners to securely fix the workpiece. Otherwise, the cutting forces will tear it away from the tool. Also, with such processing, the tool wears out faster, so high-speed cutting conditions are not used.

Chips exit right in front of the cutter and there is a risk of them getting into the cutting zone. If this happens, there will be scratches on the treated surface.

fig.1 Types of milling

As you can see, turning and milling work in St. Petersburg using both methods has its own nuances. Therefore, the type of milling should be chosen based on the initial quality of the workpiece and the desired final result.

Milling is nothing more than the mechanical processing of various kinds of materials by cutting. Milling is performed in order to obtain a part that will have the required roughness, shape or size when machined.

The multi-blade tool, which is installed on the machine, usually makes a rotational movement during the milling process, and the workpiece processed with this cutting tool moves in the translational mode.

The cutting process itself during milling will be characterized by successive idle and working cycles of cutter teeth. In addition, temperature fluctuations in the heating of the teeth can change, by changing the load applied to each tooth of the cutter, or by changing the thickness of the chip being removed.

During milling, the workpiece is cut exclusively on part of the arc of a circle and only as long as the teeth are in contact with the material being machined. This is followed by idle.

In the process of milling, each cutter tooth must overcome the resistance to its action from the material being processed and the friction force that will act on the surface of the cutter teeth. As a rule, during cutting, not one tooth, but several at once, is in contact with the workpiece, so the machine has to overcome the total resistance. At this time, the total cutting force acts, it is the sum of all the forces that act on the teeth. The pattern by which cutting forces will act during milling will depend on the milling method and the type of working cutter.

Milling, both radial, with a face mill, and tangential, with a cylindrical cutter, can be done in two ways. One of them - up milling or against submission. In this case, the direction of movement of the material will be opposite to the direction of movement of the cutter. The second type is called climb milling or by submission. In this case, the rotation of the cutter itself and the feed will match.

If counter milling, then the thickness of this slice will vary from zero, which can be seen at the entrance of the tooth, to the maximum value. It can be registered when the tooth leaves contact with the workpiece that it processes.

If downhill milling, then the cutting process will, on the contrary, occur from the maximum to zero value.

Climb milling begins with the impact that occurs at the moment when the tooth comes into contact with the workpiece, since the thickness of the cut in this case has a maximum value. For this reason, climb milling is allowed only on machines that have a sufficient level of rigidity. In addition, it is imperative to check that there is no gap in the lead screw nut interface between the transverse and longitudinal feed of the milling table.

If you look at it as a whole, then climb milling will be more profitable during finishing work, when the crust that forms on the surface of the material has already been removed, and the depth of the cut layer is not large.

The up-and-down milling process is characterized by smoother cutting, as the thickness of the material removed increases smoothly, and the load on the machine increases gradually. Up milling is much more useful for roughing the material, in the presence of a crust or scale (forging).

Machines with numerical control are subject to special increased requirements for the backlash of mechanisms measured in hundredths of a millimeter; this climb milling is preferred here, which is not always possible on conventional machines.

Well, why is it so tough .. the old man's pension is not enough for validol) Professor Stephen Miles is not in Oxford, this is a costume designer in Hollywood. Victor, exhale) By the way, at the weekend I was lucky to be in the company of a well-known medium, a participant in the 9th season of the "Battle of Psychics". At my request, the spirit of Professor Bocharov was summoned. He said that he did not know any Turtu with his discovery of modernity and did not write anything on the forums (?).

@lineyka2 What I agree with is good and needs to be fixed. To begin with, turn on the imagination and try to build everything uniformly - if this is a sheet material, then you should not unnecessarily intersperse bosses there (although this is a matter of taste) In cases for mates in an assembly, it is convenient to use the basic geometry, and in this design it is clearly tracked - the center of the auxiliary circle. (it is relative to this center that everything must be built) Try not to use additional planes without unnecessary need. To build a base edge in sheet material, one contour is enough and it does not have to be closed - this is me about the "panel" part. For a better perception of your future creation, you can build all the details in the assembly, again using the selected base geometry. Etc. and so on. Learn materiel. PS While writing this opus, I was already ahead of me, but the essence is the same

@lineyka2 Start with a simple postulate - if a part or assembly has even the slightest symmetry - position it or the parts so that the base planes are in the middle of the part. This greatly simplifies the work. Even conjugations in assemblies can be made along the base planes, if this postulate is observed. The second postulate is that it is better to have many simple, correct, fully defined sketches and operations than few complex and ornate ones. The third and main postulate - read the manual and go through the SolidWorks exercises and your design will become simpler and clearer. Peace to your CAD!

That is, you agree with clause 3 of Article 1358 A utility model is recognized as used in a product if the product contains every feature of the utility model listed in the independent clause of the utility model formula contained in the patent. In paragraph 3 of Article 1358, we are talking about an independent claim and about EACH of its features. And an independent claim can include both features common with the prototype and distinctive (which we see in most patents, with the exception of the so-called pioneer inventions, the claims of which consist only of distinctive features). Therefore, if at least one feature from the independent claim is not used, then the patent is not used in the object.

Hello. I am sure that somewhere the answer to my question already exists, but I did not manage to find it. You need to create your part in the toolbox. For example, this http://docs.cntd.ru/document/gost-20862-81. It must be made in exactly the same form as in GOST (geometry, material, coating with all possible variations). But I can't find a clear description of how to do this. Help me please.

There are various types of machining: turning, milling, drilling, planing, etc. Despite the structural differences between machines and technology features, control programs for milling, turning, EDM, woodworking and other CNC machines are created according to the same principle. This book will focus on milling programming. Having mastered this versatile technology, most likely, you yourself will understand the programming of other types of processing. Let's recall some elements of the theory of milling, which will definitely come in handy when creating control programs and working on the machine.

The milling process consists in cutting off an excess layer of material from a workpiece to obtain a part of the required shape, size and roughness of the machined surfaces. At the same time, the tool (cutter) is moved on the machine relative to the workpiece or, as in our case (for the machine in Fig. 1.4–1.5), the workpiece is moved relative to the tool.

To carry out the cutting process, it is necessary to have two movements - the main movement and the feed movement. In milling, the main movement is the rotation of the tool, and the feed movement is the translational movement of the workpiece. During the cutting process, new surfaces are formed by deformation and separation of the surface layers with the formation of chips.

When processing, a distinction is made between up and down milling. Climb milling, or feed milling, is a method in which the directions of movement of the workpiece and the cutting speed vector coincide. In this case, the chip thickness at the tooth entry into the cut is maximum and decreases to zero at the exit. With climb milling, the conditions for insert entry into cutting are more favorable. It is possible to avoid high temperatures in the cutting zone and minimize the tendency of the workpiece material to harden. Large chip thickness is an advantage in this case. The cutting forces press the workpiece against the machine table, and the inserts press them into the slots of the body, contributing to their reliable fastening. Climb milling is preferred provided that the rigidity of the equipment, fixtures and the material being machined allow this method to be applied.

Up milling, sometimes referred to as conventional milling, occurs when the cutting speeds and feed motion of the workpiece are in opposite directions. During insertion, the chip thickness is zero, at the exit it is maximum. In up milling, when the insert starts with zero chip thickness, high friction forces occur, pushing the cutter and workpiece apart. At the initial moment of cutting the tooth, the cutting process is more like burnishing, with the accompanying high temperatures and increased friction. Often this threatens with undesirable hardening of the surface layer of the part. At the exit, due to the large chip thickness, as a result of sudden unloading, the cutter teeth experience dynamic impact, leading to chipping and a significant reduction in tool life.

During milling, the chips stick to the cutting edge and interfere with its operation at the next moment of plunge. In up milling, this can lead to chip jamming between the insert and the workpiece and consequently damage to the insert. Climb milling avoids such situations. On modern CNC machines, which have high rigidity, vibration resistance and which have no backlash in the lead screw-nut interface, climb milling is mainly used.

Allowance - a layer of workpiece material that must be removed during processing. The allowance can be removed depending on its size in one or several cutter passes.

It is customary to distinguish between rough and finish milling. In rough milling, processing is carried out with the maximum allowable cutting conditions to select the largest amount of material in the shortest time. In this case, as a rule, a small allowance is left for subsequent finishing. Finish milling is used to obtain parts with final dimensions and high surface quality.